Lecture 6: Human Population and Demographics Flashcards
who said, “If we do not take charge of our population size, then nature will do it for us.”
David Attenborough
Human populations during the stone age were __.
▫ All density-dependent growth limiting factors applied:
- low
- Competition for food
- Availability of water
- Risk of predation
- Spread of disease
▫ About __, Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa into the __.
- 130,000 years ago
- Fertile Crescent
Several geographic factors made Fertile Crescent an ideal birthplace of civilization. What are those?
- Geographic bridge between Asia, Europe, and Africa.
- Proximity to the Mediterranean moderated temperatures and increased precipitation.
- Floodplains were rich in nutrients deposited from the rivers.
First Agricultural Revolution
▫ Transition from __ to __.
- __ loosens up soil for planting.
- __ is the selection of human-desired traits in domesticated species.
- hunting and gathering ; cultivating food, fiber, and other animal and plant products
- Plowing
- Breeding
What the Industrial Revolution?
Transition from an rural, agrarian society to an urbanized
one dominated by machine manufacturing.
Industrial Revolution: Accompanied by several important medical discoveries:
- Germ Theory: Many diseases are caused by microorganisms.
- Vaccines: Injections of dead and weakened viruses to prevent disease.
- Antibiotics: Chemicals that selectively kill bacteria.
- Water treatment: Filtration and chlorination of water to remove microorganisms and toxins.
years before present:
10,000?
7,000-6,000?
2,000?
0?
- low population - Agriculture reduced the impact of food availability as a growth limiting factor.
- low population - - Population grew at a fixed, or consistent rate, of about 0.1% per year.
- increasing population - Modern medicine reduced disease as a growth limiting factor.
- increased population - Population grew exponentially – an increasingly rapid rate.
estimates how long it will take a population to double in size at its current growth rate. What’s the formula?
- doubling time
- doubling time = 70 / (Current % Growth Rate)
As growth rate __, doubling time __ proportionally
increases; decreases
measures how long an average newborn will live.
Life expectancy
▫ Life expectancy is most influenced by __– is the number of infant (less than 1 year old) deaths per __ births
- infant mortality rate
- 1,000
life expectancy, age at marriage, years in school in 1900
- F 36; M 34
- F 18; M 23
- F n/a; M n/a
life expectancy, age at marriage, years in school in 1950
- F 53; M 51
- F 20; M 24
- F 3; M 4
life expectancy, age at marriage, years in school in 2000
- F 71; M 67
- F 23; M 26
- F 6; M 8
A fertility rate of 2.1 is __ and will result in a stable population
replacement level
the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.
Total fertility rate
the total value of goods and services produced per year, per person.
GDP per capita
__ can be a misleading indicator of quality of life in a country because it is missing many other factors: Positive and Negative
- GDP per capita
- Positive
▫ Infrastructure
▫ Rate of volunteering
▫ Ecosystem services - Negative
▫ Income inequality
▫ Pollution
▫ Impacts of climate change
▫ Crime
United States is __ in GDP per capita (adjusted for cost of living) but __ in the social progress rankings
- # 8
- # 28
when people move into an area, increasing population.
immigration
when people leave an area, decreasing population.
emmigration
▫ __ show the distribution of age groups separated by male and female.
Population pyramids
different types of population pyramids
- initial stability
- rapid growth
- stabilizing growth
- negative growth
explain Initial Stability
▫ High birth rate (>2.1) offset by low life expectancy
explain Rapid growth
▫ High birth rate (>2.1) plus increasing life expectancy
explain Stabilizing Growth
▫ High life expectancy.
▫ Birth rate slows to replacement level (~2.1)
explain Negative Growth
▫ Birth rate drops below replacement level (<2.1)
▫ The demographic transition takes place across four stages (what are these): each experiencing shifts in __ and __, which impact overall __.
- pre-industrial
- transition
- industrial
- post-industial
- birth rate
- death rate
- population size
▫ During the __, birth rates and death rates are both high, keeping the population stable.
- Birth rates are high due to __: children support the family income and care for elders.
- Death rates are high due to __ and __.
▫ No present-day country is in this stage.
- preindustrial stage
- pronatalist pressures
- disease; malnutrition
▫ During the __, death rates fall rapidly as access to __ and __ improve.
▫ Birth rates remain high due to __, causing the population to grow exponentially.
- early transition stage
- food; medicine
- cultural norms
▫ Cultural norms regarding __, __, and the __ all impact fertility rate.
- family size
- roles and rights of women
- use of birth control
1930’s __ ~2.2 births per woman
1950’s __ ~3.6 births per woman
1960s __ ~1.7 births per woman
- Great Depression and WW2
- Baby Boom
- Counterculture
In population pyramid, Narrow top means __ and wide base means __. What stage is this?
- Low life expectancy
- Fertility rate much greater than replacement level.
- Early Transition stage
▫ During the __, birth rates gradually fall through a series of social changes.
- __ and __ become socially accepted.
- Women gain an __ in family planning decisions.
- __ and __ opportunities for women grow.
▫ The population continues to grow, at a __.
- late transition stage
- Birth control; sex education
- equal role
- Educational; professional
- slower rate
Stabilizing base means __
Widening top menas __
What stage?
- Fertility rate showing signs of decreasing.
- Increasing life expectancy
- Late Transition Stage
▫ During the __, birth rates reach equilibrium death rates, and the population stabilizes.
industrial stage
Consistent Age Groups Fertility near replacement level and High life expectancy. What stage?
industrial stage
▫ During the __, birth rates continue falling due to a series of antinatalist forces.
- __; both parents work full time.
- The population begins to __.
- post-industrial stage
- High economic costs
- shrink
▫ China used a program of birth quotas, regulations, and
enforcements to rapidly pass through the demographic transition and reduce population growth.
- Resulted in a __ and __.
▫ Altered in 2015 to a __.
▫ Altered again in 2021 to allow up to __
- China’s One-Child Policy
- disproportionate number of males
- elderly
- Two-Child Policy
- three children
__ - Roughly __ more boys than girls in each age group since 1980.
- Son Preference
- 6 million
The human population will __ as each country passes through the __
The __ depends on how long this process takes.
- stabilize
- demographic transition
- maximum size
