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General Ecology > Lecture 6: Human Population and Demographics > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Human Population and Demographics Flashcards

1
Q

who said, “If we do not take charge of our population size, then nature will do it for us.”

A

David Attenborough

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2
Q

Human populations during the stone age were __.
▫ All density-dependent growth limiting factors applied:

A
  • low
  • Competition for food
  • Availability of water
  • Risk of predation
  • Spread of disease
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3
Q

▫ About __, Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa into the __.

A
  • 130,000 years ago
  • Fertile Crescent
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4
Q

Several geographic factors made Fertile Crescent an ideal birthplace of civilization. What are those?

A
  • Geographic bridge between Asia, Europe, and Africa.
  • Proximity to the Mediterranean moderated temperatures and increased precipitation.
  • Floodplains were rich in nutrients deposited from the rivers.
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5
Q

First Agricultural Revolution
▫ Transition from __ to __.
- __ loosens up soil for planting.
- __ is the selection of human-desired traits in domesticated species.

A
  • hunting and gathering ; cultivating food, fiber, and other animal and plant products
  • Plowing
  • Breeding
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6
Q

What the Industrial Revolution?

A

Transition from an rural, agrarian society to an urbanized
one dominated by machine manufacturing.

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7
Q

Industrial Revolution: Accompanied by several important medical discoveries:

A
  • Germ Theory: Many diseases are caused by microorganisms.
  • Vaccines: Injections of dead and weakened viruses to prevent disease.
  • Antibiotics: Chemicals that selectively kill bacteria.
  • Water treatment: Filtration and chlorination of water to remove microorganisms and toxins.
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8
Q

years before present:
10,000?
7,000-6,000?
2,000?
0?

A
  • low population - Agriculture reduced the impact of food availability as a growth limiting factor.
  • low population - - Population grew at a fixed, or consistent rate, of about 0.1% per year.
  • increasing population - Modern medicine reduced disease as a growth limiting factor.
  • increased population - Population grew exponentially – an increasingly rapid rate.
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9
Q

estimates how long it will take a population to double in size at its current growth rate. What’s the formula?

A
  • doubling time
  • doubling time = 70 / (Current % Growth Rate)
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10
Q

As growth rate __, doubling time __ proportionally

A

increases; decreases

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11
Q

measures how long an average newborn will live.

A

Life expectancy

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12
Q

▫ Life expectancy is most influenced by __– is the number of infant (less than 1 year old) deaths per __ births

A
  • infant mortality rate
  • 1,000
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13
Q

life expectancy, age at marriage, years in school in 1900

A
  • F 36; M 34
  • F 18; M 23
  • F n/a; M n/a
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14
Q

life expectancy, age at marriage, years in school in 1950

A
  • F 53; M 51
  • F 20; M 24
  • F 3; M 4
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15
Q

life expectancy, age at marriage, years in school in 2000

A
  • F 71; M 67
  • F 23; M 26
  • F 6; M 8
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16
Q

A fertility rate of 2.1 is __ and will result in a stable population

A

replacement level

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17
Q

the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.

A

Total fertility rate

18
Q

the total value of goods and services produced per year, per person.

A

GDP per capita

19
Q

__ can be a misleading indicator of quality of life in a country because it is missing many other factors: Positive and Negative

A
  • GDP per capita
  • Positive
    ▫ Infrastructure
    ▫ Rate of volunteering
    ▫ Ecosystem services
  • Negative
    ▫ Income inequality
    ▫ Pollution
    ▫ Impacts of climate change
    ▫ Crime
20
Q

United States is __ in GDP per capita (adjusted for cost of living) but __ in the social progress rankings

A
  • # 8
  • # 28
21
Q

when people move into an area, increasing population.

A

immigration

22
Q

when people leave an area, decreasing population.

A

emmigration

23
Q

▫ __ show the distribution of age groups separated by male and female.

A

Population pyramids

24
Q

different types of population pyramids

A
  • initial stability
  • rapid growth
  • stabilizing growth
  • negative growth
25
Q

explain Initial Stability

A

▫ High birth rate (>2.1) offset by low life expectancy

26
Q

explain Rapid growth

A

▫ High birth rate (>2.1) plus increasing life expectancy

27
Q

explain Stabilizing Growth

A

▫ High life expectancy.
▫ Birth rate slows to replacement level (~2.1)

28
Q

explain Negative Growth

A

▫ Birth rate drops below replacement level (<2.1)

29
Q

▫ The demographic transition takes place across four stages (what are these): each experiencing shifts in __ and __, which impact overall __.

A
  • pre-industrial
  • transition
  • industrial
  • post-industial
  • birth rate
  • death rate
  • population size
30
Q

▫ During the __, birth rates and death rates are both high, keeping the population stable.
- Birth rates are high due to __: children support the family income and care for elders.
- Death rates are high due to __ and __.
▫ No present-day country is in this stage.

A
  • preindustrial stage
  • pronatalist pressures
  • disease; malnutrition
31
Q

▫ During the __, death rates fall rapidly as access to __ and __ improve.
▫ Birth rates remain high due to __, causing the population to grow exponentially.

A
  • early transition stage
  • food; medicine
  • cultural norms
32
Q

▫ Cultural norms regarding __, __, and the __ all impact fertility rate.

A
  • family size
  • roles and rights of women
  • use of birth control
33
Q

1930’s __ ~2.2 births per woman
1950’s __ ~3.6 births per woman
1960s __ ~1.7 births per woman

A
  • Great Depression and WW2
  • Baby Boom
  • Counterculture
34
Q

In population pyramid, Narrow top means __ and wide base means __. What stage is this?

A
  • Low life expectancy
  • Fertility rate much greater than replacement level.
  • Early Transition stage
35
Q

▫ During the __, birth rates gradually fall through a series of social changes.
- __ and __ become socially accepted.
- Women gain an __ in family planning decisions.
- __ and __ opportunities for women grow.
▫ The population continues to grow, at a __.

A
  • late transition stage
  • Birth control; sex education
  • equal role
  • Educational; professional
  • slower rate
36
Q

Stabilizing base means __
Widening top menas __

What stage?

A
  • Fertility rate showing signs of decreasing.
  • Increasing life expectancy
  • Late Transition Stage
37
Q

▫ During the __, birth rates reach equilibrium death rates, and the population stabilizes.

A

industrial stage

38
Q

Consistent Age Groups Fertility near replacement level and High life expectancy. What stage?

A

industrial stage

39
Q

▫ During the __, birth rates continue falling due to a series of antinatalist forces.
- __; both parents work full time.
- The population begins to __.

A
  • post-industrial stage
  • High economic costs
  • shrink
40
Q

▫ China used a program of birth quotas, regulations, and
enforcements to rapidly pass through the demographic transition and reduce population growth.
- Resulted in a __ and __.
▫ Altered in 2015 to a __.
▫ Altered again in 2021 to allow up to __

A
  • China’s One-Child Policy
  • disproportionate number of males
  • elderly
  • Two-Child Policy
  • three children
41
Q

__ - Roughly __ more boys than girls in each age group since 1980.

A
  • Son Preference
  • 6 million
42
Q

The human population will __ as each country passes through the __
The __ depends on how long this process takes.

A
  • stabilize
  • demographic transition
  • maximum size

General Ecology (6 decks)

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