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General Ecology > Lecture 4: Aquatic Ecosystems > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Aquatic Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

Abiotic factors in aquatic ecosystems

A
  1. salinity
  2. hardness
  3. temperature
  4. availability of sunlight
  5. dissolved oxygen
  6. pH
  7. nutrient
  8. turbidity
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2
Q

Biotic factors in aquatic ecosystems

A
  1. plankton
  2. nekton
  3. benthos
  4. decomposers
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3
Q

Abiotic factor
- the amount of dissolved salt in the water
- formed by the weathering of rocks
- higher __ water is more dense

A

Salinity

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4
Q

Abiotic factor
- amount of minerals (calcium and magnesium) in freshwater

A

Hardness

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5
Q

Abiotic factor
- measure of the average kinetic energy of the water molecules
- warmest at the surface and near the equator

A

Temperature

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6
Q

Abiotic factor
- decreases with water depth

A

Availability of sunlight

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7
Q

Abiotic factor
- the amount of oxygen gas per mL of water
- highest in cold, turbulent water
- lowest in stagnant water

A

Dissolved oxygen

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8
Q

Abiotic factor
- measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of water

A

pH

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9
Q

Rainwater and acid rain pH

A
  • 5.6 due to mixing with CO2
  • < 4.5 due to mixing with sulfur (pollutant)
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10
Q

pH of pure water and ocean water

A
  • 7
  • 8.1 due to carbonate ions
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11
Q

Abiotic factor
- nitrates and phosphates that runoff from land

A

Nutrients

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12
Q

Abiotic factor
- measures water cloudiness
- the measure of relative clarity of a liquid

A

Turbidity

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13
Q

Biotic factor
- small, free-floating, or weakly swimming
__ - plant-like
__ - animal-like

A

plankton
- phytoplankton
- zooplankton

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14
Q

Biotic factor
- large, independent, swimmers

A

Nekton

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15
Q

Biotic factor
- bottom-dwellers (live in substrate)

A

Benthos

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16
Q

Biotic factor
- break down dead organisms and waste, cycling nutrients back into the water

A

Decomposers

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17
Q

Freshwater Ecosystem
Parts of the pond and lake

A
  1. Littoral Zone
  2. Limnetic Zone (photic zone)
  3. Profundal Zone (Aphotic zone)
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18
Q

Freshwater Ecosystem
Parts of the pond and lake
- small animals and animals
- emergent vegetation can be seen
- roots are submerged but their top emerges
- nearest to the shore
- warm, shallow, sunlight

A

Littoral Zone

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19
Q

Freshwater Ecosystem
Parts of the pond and lake
- next to littoral zone
- open water area too deep for emergent plants
- warm and sunlit, supports phytoplanktons

A

Limnetic Zone (photic)

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20
Q

Freshwater Ecosystem
Parts of the pond and lake
- cold and habitat for benthos

A

Profundal Zone (Aphotic)

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21
Q

Types of Lakes

A
  1. Oligotrophic
  2. Eutrophic
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22
Q

Type of Lake
- have low nutrients limiting algae and phytoplankton growth
- low turbidity

A

Oligotrophic

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23
Q

Type of lake
- have high nutrient levels and excessive algae growth
- very high turbidity

A

Eutrophic

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24
Q

Difference between stream and river

A

Stream
- narrow channels that carry runoff toward rivers
River
- wide and carry more water

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25
Q

Different Parts of the River

A
  1. Headwater/River source
  2. Transition Zone
    - Floodplains
  3. Mouth
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26
Q

Part of the River
- high dissolved oxygen (O2)
- low nutrients (NO3 (Nitrate),NO2 (Nitrite),PO4 (Phosphate))
- cold, no salinity
- low turbidity (oligotrophic)

A

Headwater/rive source

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27
Q

Part of the River
- widens and deepens
- becomes warmer
- decreased dissolved oxygen
- increased nutrient level

A

Transition zones

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28
Q

Part of the River
- within the transition zone
- regularly flood
- Floods deposit soil sediments dissolved from upstream,
increasing soil nutrient levels.
- very fertile as a result.

A

Floodplains

29
Q

Part of the River
- lowermost part of the river where it meets a larger body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake.
- soil runoff
- Low dissolved oxygen (O2)
- High nutrients (NO3, NO2,PO4)
- Warm water temperatures
- High turbidity (eutrophic)
- Moderate salinity

A

Mouth

30
Q

Freshwater Inland Wetlands

A
  • marshes
  • swamps
  • bogs
31
Q

soil that is completely saturated in water

A

waterlogged

32
Q
  • are areas containing soils that are usually waterlogged – completely saturated in water.
  • Soil tends to be oxygen-poor due to the lack of air
    exposure.
A

Wetlands

33
Q

found in low-lying, treeless areas.

A

marshes

34
Q

low-lying wetlands dominated by trees.

A

swamps

35
Q
  • have floating mats of plant matter that living plants grow on.
  • Slow rates of decomposition result in nutrient-poor water.
A

bogs

36
Q

Adaptations of Wetland Organisms

A

1) Floating - Fewer vascular tissues are needed since water is abundant, making them lighter.
2) Carnivorous - Capture and digest insects to increase
nitrogen and phosphorous absorption.
3) Emergent - Many empty spaces in tissues allow oxygen to flow through the plant and into the submerged roots.

37
Q

Coastal ecosystems (7)

A
  1. tidal flats
  2. coastal lagoons
  3. estuaries
  4. deltas
  5. salt marshes
  6. seagrass beds
  7. mangrove forests
38
Q

Coastal ecosystem
- saltwater wetland areas that are continually covered and uncovered by the tides

A

Tidal flats

39
Q

Coastal ecosystem
- saltwater pools that are separated from the ocean by sandbank or coral reefs

A

Coastal Lagoons

40
Q

Coastal ecosystem
- partially enclosed bodies of water where river water mixes with seawater

A

Estuaries

41
Q

Coastal ecosystem
- landforms at river mouths formed by deposited sediment

A

deltas

42
Q
  • As rivers reach the ocean, their current __.
  • __ cannot carry as much sediment.
  • The sediment is deposited at the __.
  • Eventually the sediment expands the coastline and forms __.
A
  • slows
  • Slow-moving waters
  • shallow ocean shore
  • large landmasses
43
Q

Coastal ecosystem
- tidal flats dominated by herbs and grasses

A

Salt marshes

44
Q

Coastal ecosystem
- submerged plants that resembled grass

A

Seagrass bed

45
Q

Coastal ecosystem
- have trees with roots that can filter salt
- provide coastal protection

A

Mangrove forests

46
Q

Mangrove forests provide coastal protection by dissipating up to __ of wave energy

A

90%

47
Q

Ocean ecosystem parts (biomes) with definition (5)

A
  1. coastal zone
  2. intertidal zone - shallow parts
  3. photic zone - highest zone of open ocean (100m)
  4. aphotic zone - 100m and deeper
  5. abyssal plain - bottom-dwellers
48
Q

ocean ecosystems
- alternates from submerged during high tide to dry during low tide

A

intertidal zone

49
Q

the result of the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon

A

tides

50
Q
  • sun and moon’s gravity aligned
  • Occurs during the new moon and full moon phases
A

high tide or spring tide

51
Q
  • sun and moon’s gravity is perpendicular
  • Occurs during the first and third quarter moon phases.
A

low tide or neap tide

52
Q

The Bay of Fundy in Canada has a tidal range of __ – more than a 3-story building

A

16.3 meters

53
Q

intertidal zone ecosystems with definitions

A
  1. rocky shores
    - substrate is hard and stable
    - erosion is slow
  2. sandy shores
    - substrate is shifting and unstable
    - erosion is rapid
    - color depends on source
54
Q

Common types of sand

A
  1. Black - volcanic rock
  2. Brown - quartz
  3. White - coral
55
Q

Ocean ecosystems
- shallow sea ecosystem immediately above the continental shelf.
- Abundant sunlight and nutrients.
- Contains 90% of the ocean’s biodiversity.

A

coastal zone

56
Q
  • ecosystems built on the exoskeletons of the coral polyps
  • found mostly in warm, shallow, sunlit waters
A

coral reefs

57
Q

coral is a symbiotic relationship between two organisms

A

coral polyps - built the calcium carbide skeleton
algae- photosynthetic most of the coral’s food

58
Q

important in the carbon cycle and helps to maintain the ocean’s pH

A

calcium carbonate

59
Q
  • includes all areas beyond the continental shelf
  • low nutrient available limit phytoplankton
  • “marine desert”
A

Open ocean

60
Q

Ocean Ecosystems
- contain sunlight enough to perform photosynthesis in the topmost layer

A

photic zone

61
Q

Ocean Ecosystems
- no sunlight
- can’t photosynthesize
- bioluminescent

A

Aphotic Zone

62
Q
  • Many aphotic zone species are __ and can produce and emit light.
  • Light is the result of chemical reactions by __.
  • what is its purpose?
A
  • bioluminescent
  • symbiotic bacteria
  • find prey or attract mates.
63
Q

gives vibrant colors to corals

A

zooxanthellae

64
Q

Ocean Ecosystems
- receives no sunlight
- all food webs are based around scavenging and decomposition

A

Abyssal plain

65
Q

constant flow of detritus from above

A

marine snow

66
Q

fissures in the abyssal plain where heated water and minerals are released. organisms that can generate food from these chemicals perform ___

A

Hydrothermal vents
- chemosynthesis

67
Q

why is dissolved oxygen higher in cold, turbulent waters? why is it lowest in warm, stagnant waters?

A

Temperature:
Cold Water: Cold water can hold more dissolved oxygen than warm water. The solubility of oxygen decreases as water temperature increases. In colder water, molecules are closer together, making it easier for oxygen molecules to dissolve and remain in the water.
Warm Water: In warmer water, the molecules are more spread out, reducing the ability of water to hold dissolved gases, including oxygen. This is why, generally, colder waters tend to have higher dissolved oxygen concentrations.

Turbulence:
Turbulent Waters: Turbulent or flowing water promotes the exchange of gases at the water’s surface. Waves, currents, and turbulence can introduce more oxygen into the water through the process of aeration. This allows atmospheric oxygen to mix with the water, increasing dissolved oxygen levels.
Stagnant Waters: In stagnant or slow-moving waters, the exchange of gases is limited. Stagnant conditions can lead to stratification, where different layers of water form with different temperature and oxygen profiles. The bottom layers, being cut off from atmospheric oxygen, may experience lower dissolved oxygen concentrations.

68
Q
A

General Ecology (6 decks)

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