Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3018 > Lecture 6 Depression Diagnosis & Causation > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Depression Diagnosis & Causation Flashcards

1
Q

DSM-IV mood disorders

A

Depressive (Unipolar) Disorders

  • Major depressive disorder
  • Dysthymic disorder

Bipolar Disorders

  • Bipolar I disorder,
  • Bipolar II disorder,
  • Cyclothymic disorder

Extremes in normal mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DSM-V depressive disorders

A

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DSM-V disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A
  • Severe recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation.
  • mood between temper outbursts persistently irritable or angry, and is observable by others
  • diagnosis should not be made for the first time before 6 or after 18
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DSM-V premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A
  • in most menstrual cycles, at least 5 symptoms must be present
  • in the week before, improve within a few days, minimal the week after
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Core symptom of PMDD (1+ of 4)

A

Marked affective lability (e.g., mood swings; feeling suddenly sad or tearful)

Marked irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts.

Marked depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts.

Marked anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being keyed up or on edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Additional symptoms of PMD (1+ of 7)

A
  • Decreased interest in usual activities
  • Subjective difficulty in concentration.
  • Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy.
  • Marked change in appetite; overeating; or specific food cravings.
  • Hypersomnia or insomnia.
  • A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control.

-Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain,
“bloating,” or weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DSM-V Major depressive disorder

A
  • a single or recurrent depressive episode
  • never manic or hypomanic episode
  • different from DSM-IV: removed bereavement exclusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Major depressive episode (9)

A

5+ including 1 or 2 in a 2-week period

  • Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
  • Markedly diminished pleasure/interest in activities
  • Significant weight loss or gain
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day
  • Fatigue/loss of energy nearly every day
  • Feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt nearly every day
  • Diminished ability to concentrate nearly every day
  • Recurrent thoughts of death, suicide, suicide attempts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DSM-V persistent depressive disorder (DSM-IV dysthymia)

A

A. Depressed mood most of the day, more days than not

B. Presence, while depressed, of 2+:

  • Poor appetite or overeating
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Low energy or fatigue
  • Low self-esteem
  • Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
  • Feelings of hopelessness

C. No more than 2 months ‘normal’ mood in 2-years

D. No manic features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Difference between MDD and PDD

A
  • symptom milder in PDD
  • PDD may develop major depressive episodes
  • PDD symptoms can persist unchanged over long periods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Change in DSM-V

A

Changed Mood Disorders to ‘Depressive disorders’ vs ‘Bipolar and Related Disorders’

Added ‘Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder’

Added ‘Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder’

Removed Grief exclusion from diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder

ChangedDysthymia to ‘Persistent Depressive Disorder’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Major depression subtypes (8)

A
  • anxious distress
  • mixed features
  • melancholic features

-atypical features
eg Weight gain, oversleep, rejection sensitivity

  • psychotic features
  • catatonia
  • peripartum onset (Postnatal Depression)
  • seasonal pattern (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prevalence of MDD

A

16.4% lifetime

3-5% one-year in Aus

steady increase in prevalence, decrease in age of onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gender difference

A

2:1 female:male

emerges during adolescence, evens out after 65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biological influences of MDD (4)

A

Genetics

  • high rate in family studies
  • concordance rates higher in identical twins
  • mixed data in adoption studies

Neurochemistry

  • low levels of noradrenalin, dopamine, serotonin
  • no good evidence for mechanism
  • absolute level unlikely be the cause

Brain structures

  • amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate
  • problem with direction of causation

Neuroendocrine system

  • overactivity in HPA axis
  • response to stress, excess cortisol

=>interaction between genetic vulnerability and negative life events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Psychological influences (6)

A

Learned helplessness
-lack of control over life events

Attribution

  • internal vs external
  • stable vs unstable
  • global vs specific

Hopelessness
-helplessness expectancy + negative outcome expectancy

Schema

Response style
-rumination vs distraction, problem solving

Interpersonal approach

17
Q

Schema theory

A

Pre-existing negative schema

Developed during childhood (esp if vulnerable)

Activated by stress
-Results in cognitive biases, process information in terms of the schema (memory, attention, interpretation)

  • arbitrary Inference, overgeneralization, magnification
    e. g. active no one loves me schema,
    inference: my friend doesn’t say hi because he hates me overgeneralization: he’ll never talk to me again magnification: i’ll never have friends, i’ll die alone

-Depressive Cognitive Triad :
negative thoughts about the self, the world, the future become dominant in consciousness

each time schema activated, more evidence collected in support of pre-existing schema, easier to recall all those negative/ambiguous events that happened

self-exacerbating nature of depression, responsible for episodic depression (each episode increases likelihood of another episode)

18
Q

Interpersonal approach

A

Interpersonal relations are negatively altered as a result
of depression

Depressed people
-have limited social support networks
-seek excessive reassurance from others 
-have / display limited social skills eg poor eye contact, wrapped up in own's depression
-elicit rejection from others
=>maintain or exacerbate depression

Stress-generation hypothesis

  • way of interpreting the world changes when depressed
  • Depressogenic cognitions and behaviours generate negative life events, person-dependent
  • Self-generated negative life events may partly explain depression recurrence
19
Q

response style theory

A

how i think about stressful events: ruminative response style, over-thinking about event but not solve problem, distract

“why is this happening to me, etc…”

increased risk of depression

3018 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions