Lecture 6 | COPD and heartfailure

Question 1

Normal vs. COPD respiration

Answer 1

Both: inhalation is active (contraction)
Normal: exhalation is passive (relaxation)
COPD: exhalation is active (lung obstruction requires forceful expiration)

Question 2

COPD mechanisms

Answer 2

Airway obstruction: airways are filled with mucus (obese-phenotype)
Emphysema: alveoli collapse together, reduced surface for gas exchange (skin-and-bone phenotype)

Question 3

Myofibers in COPD

Answer 3

Ischemia causes shift from type I into type II fibers -> sprinter muscles -> early fatigue

Question 4

Food intake in COPD

Answer 4

Increased requirement (e.g. increased energy expenditure) however, decreased intake (e.g. fatigue, shortness of breath)

Question 5

Cachexia in renal failure

Answer 5

Toxicity problems (uremic toxins)
Low protein diet
Dialysis trigger inflammation and removes AA

Question 6

Definition heart failure

Answer 6

The heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the bodies (oxygen & nutrient) demand

Question 7

Systolic/ HFrEF

Answer 7

Cannot pump with enough force

Question 8

Diastolic/ HFpEF

Answer 8

Cannot fill with enough blood

Question 9

Cardiac output

Answer 9

= stroke volume x heart rate

Question 10

Angiotensin II

Answer 10

Upregulated in heart failure
Increases cachectic markers: IL-6, TNF-a, myostatin
Lowers NPY
Probably affects satellite cells

Question 11

Medications for heart failure

Answer 11

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Beta-blockers
Diuretics