Lecture 6 - Chronic Inflammation Flashcards
What is the primary cell present that would indicate chronic inflammation ?
Macrophages
what is a definition of chronic inflammation ?
a chronic response to injury associated with fibrosis
what are the three ways that chronic inflammation can arise ?
- it may arise after acute inflammation - severe damage
- may arise on its own - autoimmune conditions such as Rheumatoid arthritis and chronic infections like viral hepatitis
chronic low level stimulation - may develop alongside acute inflammation - ie have chronic inflammation from chron’s disease with acute bouts on top of that
briefly outline the cells present in chronic inflammation
comment of histological appearance and role
Macrophages - phagocytose cells, antigen presentation to immune system, synthesis of clotting factors, cytokines, complement proteins
signal to recruit more immune cells for a greater response
foamy appearance
Lymphocytes
B and T
appear as black dots
antigen presenting and production of antibodies
more cell recruitment
cytotoxic killing
Plasma cells
differentiated B cell
eosinophils
involved in parasites, asthma, allergic response
so if present they are identifying
sunglasses appearance
fibroblasts and myofibroblasts - wound healing and contraction
what are giant cells
what are the types of giant cell
what are their apperances
multineuclate cells made from accumulation of macrophages - due to frustrated phagocytosis
langerhans giant cells - Tuberculosis - TB
nuclei line edge of the cell
Foreign body giant cells - foreign particulate ie from a prosthetic joint
nuclei all over the cell
Tuton giant cells - Fat necrosis
nuclei line edge of the cell, and are surrounded by foamy cytoplasm
what are the general effects of chronic inflammation ?
give examples for each case
Fibrosis - gall bldader (chronic cholecystitis), cirrhosis
Impaired function - eg chronic inflammatory bowel disease - chrons
increased function rare but thyrotoxicosis - graves hyperthyroidism
Atrophy - adrenal glands
Stimulation of immune response
outline the disease chronic cholecystitis
caused by gall stones obstruction
leads to chronic and repeated acute bouts of inflammation
causes fibrosis of the gall bladder wall - a fibrotic wall
outline Inflammatory bowel disease
get fibrosis of the bowel
you get both chronic inflammation with acute inflammation bouts
its idiopathic
causes diarrhoea, rectal bleeding and discomfort in abdomen, loss of proper function of bowel tissue
is either chron’s disease - affects entire GI tract
this one causes fistulae
or ulcerative colitis - one specific section of bowel - remove this and cure symptoms
outline the chronic inflammation causes of cirrhosis of the liver
commonly caused by alcohol excess
can be infections or immunological
impaired ability of the liver to function
fibrosis via collagen deposition causes a nodular appearance
cirrhosis is a result of chronic inflammation with fibrosis
what is the one occasion where increased function is an affect of chronic inflammation ?
thyrotoxicosis - excess thyroid hormones in blood having toxic effects
caused by graves disease - hyperthyroidism
this involves chronic inflammation increasing function
outline a disease involving chronic inflammation that causes atrophy
autoimmune atrophic gastritis - gastric mucosa atrophy and hence have impaired function
outline granulomatous inflammation
it is chronic inflammation with granulomas
often caused by foreign material such as particles from a prosthetic joint
a granuloma is a concentrated area of chronic inflamation
you will see
lymphocytes
and
epitheliod (fused together/grouped) macrophages
what are the possible causes of granulomatous inflammation
elaborate on one specific causes with what you see, what the mechanism of disease is ect
irritant foreign bodies
infections - myobactrium tubercolosis - causes TB - the damage here is caused by repeated induction of immune response - chronic inflammation ect
if you see langerhans cells and caseous necrosis think TB
idiopathic causes
sarcoidosis
wengers granulomatis
chrons disease
