Lecture 6

Question 1

What happens at chemical synapses?

Answer 1

Chemicals, or neurotransmitters, are released at the end of neurons

Question 2

Not all synapses work through

Answer 2

Neurotransmitters

Question 3

What happens at Gap Junctions?

Answer 3

Neurons are directly connected to their target cells through pores

Question 4

Electrical Synapses are where

Answer 4

Cells are connected by gap junctions

Question 5

What happens in Electrical Synapses?

Answer 5

Ions causing an AP move directly from cell to cell through gap junctions

Question 6

Electrical and chemical synapses differ in which two ways?

Answer 6

• Direction of flow of information

- Speed of transmission

Question 7

In chemical synapses, AP travels in

Answer 7

One direction

Question 8

In electrical synapses, AP travels in

Answer 8

Through gap junctions in both directions

Question 9

Which synapses are faster?

Answer 9

Electrical

Question 10

Electrical synapses in which

Answer 10

AP moves especially fast

Question 11

Heart contractions use which synapses?

Answer 11

Electrical synapses

Question 12

What happens within heart contractions?

Answer 12

Individual muscle cells are connected via gap junctions and electrical synapses, ensuring APs reach the cell at the same time and those cells contract at the same time

Question 13

Chemical synapses are slower due to

Answer 13

Delays associated with exocytosis, diffusion of neurotransmitters, and binding to receptors on the target cell

Question 14

With chemical synapses, you can

Answer 14

Vary the type of chemical released, able to generate more diverse signals

Question 15

Cells use microtubules to

Answer 15

Transport substances to different regions of the cell

Question 16

Microtubules are composed of

Answer 16

Long strings of Tubulin

Question 17

What is Tubulin made of?

Answer 17

Alpha tubulin and beta tubulin

Question 18

What causes the charge difference important for assembly and growth of microtubule?

Answer 18

Alpha and beta tubulin combine, resulting in alpha-tubulin having negative charge

Question 19

Positive and negative ends of tubulin attach to form a

Answer 19

Growing chain or protofilament

Question 20

Protofilaments line up to form a

Answer 20

Sheet that eventually rolls into a long tube to form a microtubule

Question 21

Cells arrange their microtubules like

Answer 21

Spokes on a wheel

Question 22

Microtubules extend out towards the edges of the cell from a

Answer 22

Central microtubule organizing center

Question 23

Which ends of the microtubule remain at the center?

Answer 23

Negative end stays at the center and is attached to the organizing center

Question 24

Which end of the microtubule is closest to the cell membrane?

Answer 24

Positive end

Question 25

How does color change occur in camouflaged animals?

Answer 25

Pigment granules are transported from the microtubule organizing center to the outside of the skin via microtubules in frogs

Question 26

Motor proteins recognize the charge difference of tubulin and uses it to

Answer 26

Move in a specific direction

Question 27

What are motor proteins?

Answer 27

Proteins that move along microtubules and carry cargo

Question 28

What are the types of motor proteins?

Answer 28

• Kinesin

- Dynein

Question 29

Kinesin carries cargo to the

Answer 29

Positive end (to the right)

Question 30

Dynein carries cargo to the

Answer 30

Negative end (to the left)

Question 31

What does Kinesin carry?

Answer 31

Neurotransmitter-filled vesicles are carried from the soma down the axon on microtubules

Question 32

What does Dynein carry?

Answer 32

Empty-vesicles from the synapse back to the soma

Question 33

Vesicles and neurotransmitters are not made in the synapse, but in the

Answer 33

Soma

Question 34

What are needed for muscle contraction?

Answer 34

Microfilaments

Question 35

Microfilaments are composed of

Answer 35

Long strips of Actin that associate with the motor protein Myosin

Question 36

Microfilaments assemble similarly to

Answer 36

Microtubules

Question 37

The association of myosin with actin is associated with

Answer 37

The basis of muscle contraction

Question 38

Myosin forms thick filaments, which lie between

Answer 38

Actin’s thin filaments

Question 39

The arrangement of myosin between actin is critical for muscles to

Answer 39

Generate the most force from contraction and cause striations