Lecture 6 Flashcards
Memory?
Involves first encoding and then retrieving knowledge
• We don’t remember everything
– Involves filtering and processing what is attended to
Processing in memory. What is the first stage?
Encoding. It determines which information is attended to in the environment and how it is interpreted
Two thing that affects memory?
- Attention: the more paid, the more processed and the more likely to remember
- Context: affects the extent to which info can be subsequently retrieved
Hierarchical Model of Memory?
- Sensory: give signal to short therm
- Short Term
- Long term
Working memory? (Short term)
Awareness, or ability to focus on specific object
ex. memorize directions while driving
Long-term memory?
- Stores all knowledge we have gained about the world as concepts, facts, and episodes
- May need to be reactivated through recognition or recall
What does “7+-2” mean?
- Miller’s theory of how much info people can remember in short term
(ny research visar magiska numret är 4)
Progressive Disclosure?
Providing only the information/features people need at the moment
How to solve the “7+-2” problem?
• Present only 7 options on a menu etc. But this is wrong, why?
- People can scan lists of bullets, tabs, menu items till they see the one they want
Implications of Working Memory Characteristics?
- User interface should help people remember essential information from one moment to the next.
- provide inadequate mode-feedback
Implications of Working Memory Characteristics?
• Keep the search term on the screen together with the results
• Followed links should change color
• Allow people to refer to the instructions while
executing them till completion
Long-term Memory. Implications?
- People need tools to augment long-term memory
- Avoid developing systems that burden long-term memory
- Enhance user-interface consistency
Long-term Memory. Recognition to Recall helps . What does this mean?
- Well known fact that we recognize thing better than being able to recall. “Who of these people was you english teacher?”
Long-term Memory. Recognition to Recall helps. Implications?
- See and choose is easier than recall and type (in a menu for example)
Decision Making?
The power of a sense of control.
– Self-determination theory
• Need for competence, relatedness, and autonomy
Decision Making. What is Hick’s law?
The more options, the longer it takes to make a decision
Decision Making. Cost-benefit principle?
The more options, the more energy it takes to make a decision
Decision Making. Choice Reduction?
Good categorization & visual code
Decision Making. Choice with Guidance
Help the users to highlight the differences
General Design Implications
Empower users by giving them control over information
– Let them choose, interact, customize…
- Make decisions easy “KISS” = Keep it simple stupid
Which are the primary colors? (3)
Yellow, blue and red
Yellow
For quick attention and alerts, not for long time look
Red
Bright but less so than yellow
Warmest color
Blue
Peaceful, calm, cool, mature
Complementary colors?
Colors directly across from each other, exact opposites, are complements
What is it called when you are using multiple colors?
A Triad of Colors.
- A set of three colors equidistant from each other always creates a triad of pleasing colors
- Primary triad = red, yellow and blue
Colors. What is an analogous combination?
combination is composed of those colors that are next to each other on the wheel. Harmonious
Colors. Monochromatic combination?
is composed of one hue with any number of its corresponding tints and shades. ex black, shite, gray
Colors can help guide users’ attention, but also their…?
interactions!
Responsiveness & Time Constaints of Perception and Cognition. What does Responsiveness mean?
– Compliance with human time requirements
– An important element of user satisfaction
– Responsive systems keep a user informed
• Let you know immediately that your input was received
• How long operations will take
• Allow you to abort lengthy operations you do not want
• Free you to do other things while waiting
(typ när datorn laddar, 30min kvar)
Responsiveness & Time Constaints of Perception and Cognition. Achieving responsive interactive system?
- Use busy indicators
- Use progress indicators
- Delay between unit tasks are less bothersome than delays within unit tasks
- Fake heavyweight
- Display important information first
