Lecture 6

Question 1

Community (UNISDR 2004)

Answer 1

A social group which ahs a number of things in common such as a shared experience, locality, culture, heritage and social interests

Question 2

Key characteristics of CBDRR

Answer 2

1. Community members are the main actors and beneficiaries: their participation is important.
2. The most vulnerable groups are prioritised.
3. Risk reduction measures are community-specific
4. Existing capacities are recognised eg local knowledge, traditional wisdom, resources, social organisations etc
5. DRR is linked to development
6. Outsiders have supporting and facilitating roles

Question 3

Participation (ALNAP, 2003)

Answer 3

a state of mind according to which members of affected populations are at the heart of humanitarian action, as social actors, with insights on their situation, and with competencies, energy and ideas of their own

Question 4

Factors influencing community participation: The community

Answer 4

community cohesion
political issues and conflicts
capacity, time and resources
external organisations involved
culture
social and cultural organisation

Question 5

Factors influencing community participation: External actors

Answer 5

Organisational and political mandate
Access to community
Security and safety
Scope of the project
Resources
Time
Language

Question 6

Approaches to community participation

Answer 6

Instrumental: community participation is seen as a means of achieving project objectives, although this can lead to capacity development, this is not a project objective in itself
Collaborative: based on an exchange of resources throughout the project to reach shared objectives
Supportive: recognise, work through and build existing or potential community capacities, external agencies provide support for the community to undertake their own projects

Question 7

Types of participation (Ladder of participation ALNAP)

Answer 7

Local initiatives
Interactive
Supply labour, cash, materials
Given material incentives
Consulted
Informed
Passive or manipulated

Question 8

Ladder of adoption

Answer 8

Adopting - behavioural change
Putting into practice before adopting
Legitimisation within social norms
Attitude to accept the innovation
Knowledge of how to change the situation
Interest in specific problem
Awareness of general problem

Question 9

Motivating factors affecting motivations, intentions and actions

Answer 9

Risk perception
Critical awareness of the hazard
Hazard anxiety

Question 10

Intention formation factors affecting motivations, intentions and actions

Answer 10

outcome expectancy
self-efficacy
problem-focused coping
response efficacy

Question 11

Moderating factors affecting conversion of intentions into actions

Answer 11

Timing of hazard activity
Sense of community, perceived responsibility
Response efficacy
Normative beliefs within a community

Question 12

Forms of communication

Answer 12

Modes: written, verbal, visual
Channels: direct vs indirect, targeted vs diffuse
Purpose: provide info; seek info; facilitate exchange and participation
One-way: eg leaflets, posters media, lectures
Two-way: formal public meetings, site visits, consultation documents, surveys;
Two-way dialogue: eg interactive mapping, workshops, training, participatory tools