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Disaster Risk Reduction > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hazard

A

A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

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2
Q

Exposure

A

The situation of the people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas.

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3
Q

Vulnerability

A

The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards.

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4
Q

Disaster Risk

A

The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity.

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5
Q

Disaster

A

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.
= risk> capacity to cope

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6
Q

Disaster Risk Reduction

A

…aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.

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7
Q

Resilience

A

The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb accommodate adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazards in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions through risk management.

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8
Q

Risk

A

f(hazardexposurevulnerability)

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9
Q

consequence

A

=exposure*vulnerability

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10
Q

Trigger Events

A

Many classes and sub-classes of triggers e.g. natural vs man-made. Often more complex due to secondary hazards and human influences.

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11
Q

Magnitude and Intensity

A

A measure of size of the event, or the energy released (e.g. volume and/or velocity of water of a flood/landslide, or energy of a seismic event or explosion) and the potential to cause damage.

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12
Q

Frequency

A

Hazards are expressed as a probability of occurrence of an event of a certain intensity at a particular location within a specific time period (usually as an annual probability).

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13
Q

Spatial occurrence

A

Location and extent

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14
Q

Temporal scale

A

Speed of onset and duration

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15
Q

Geological Hazard Types

A

earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, rockslides, avalanches

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16
Q

Biological

A

epidemics, infestations, wildfires

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17
Q

Hydrological

A

floods, droughts, landslides

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18
Q

Atmospheric

A

cyclones, storm surges, tornados, hail, ice, snow, rain, temperature extremes

19
Q

Transport accidents

A

Air, road, rail, sea

20
Q

Hazardous materials

A

storage, transport, miss-use

21
Q

Intentional

A

conflict, terrorism, sabotage

22
Q

Industrial failures

A

explosions, fire, release of toxic materials

23
Q

Unsafe public buildings and facilities

A

structural collapse, fire

24
Q

Context Hazard types

A

Environmental degradation: deforestation, desertification, loss of natural resources
Land Pressure: urbanisation and concentration of hazards
Climate Change: sea level rise, changing frequency of extreme events

25
Q

Direct Impacts

A

Human & Social: fatality, injury, loss of property, loss of income/livelihood
Physical: structural damage, non-structural damage/loss of contents
Economic: capital costs, interruption of business due to loss of workforce and economic infrastructure
Environmental & Cultural: Damage to ecological zones, sedimentation and pollution, damage to cultural heritage

26
Q

Indirect Impacts

A

Human & Social: Disease, food scarcity, disability, displacement, unemployment, civil and political unrest
Physical: Deterioration of damaged buildings and infrastructure
Economic: Loss of markets and investments, insurance losses, disruption to, or downturn in, economic growth
Environmental & Cultural: environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, loss of cultural diversity

27
Q

Environmental Capacities

A

Natural environmental resources (land, water, forests, minerals), natural barriers to hazards, biodiversity

28
Q

Economic Capacities

A

Economic capital, secure livelihoods, financial reserves, diversified economy and agriculture

29
Q

Physical Capacities

A

Robust and reliable public infrastructure, home, transport, sanitation, water supply, energy…

30
Q

Social Capacities

A

Coping mechanisms, adaptive strategies, memory of past disasters, good governance, ethical standards, local leadership, local NGOs, accountability, well developed disaster plans and preparedness.

31
Q

Environmental Vulnerabilities

A

Deforestation, pollution, erosion, loss of natural hazard defences (e.g. mangroves), climate change

32
Q

Economic Vulnerabilities

A

Non-diversified economy, mono-crop agriculture, subsistence economies, indebtedness, relief/welfare dependency.

33
Q

Physical Vulnerabilities

A

Unsafe buildings, infrastructure and critical facilities, rapid urbanisation.

34
Q

Social Vulnerabilities

A

Occupation of unsafe areas, high-density occupation of sites/buildings, lack of mobility, job insecurity, lack of education, poverty, corruption, poor management and leadership, lack of planning and preparedness.

35
Q

Resistance (or robustness)

A

inherent strength, protection, ability to resist stress

36
Q

Redundancy

A

system capacity providing alternative options or substitutions to allow continued functioning when some elements fail

37
Q

Reliability

A

ability to operate under a range of conditions, frequency with which hazard protection devices fail

38
Q

Response and recovery

A

speed with which disruption is overcome and functionality/service restored

39
Q

IFRC Resilience

A

The ability of individuals, communities, organisations, or countries exposed to disasters and crises and underlying vulnerabilities to: anticipate, reduce the impact of, cope with, and recover from the effects of adversity without compromising their long term prospects.

40
Q

Main sources of global disaster data

A

The EM-DAT database
Reinsurance company data
The DesInventar system

41
Q

Disaster Risk Index

A

Number of expected human impacts (fatalities per year), both absolute and relative to population.
R=HfrExpVuln

42
Q

Hotspots Report

A

Relative mortality risk and economic loss.

R=HdegExpVuln

43
Q

World Risk Index

A

Probable risk of a country being affected by a disaster. Focus on vulnerability causes.
R=PhysExp*Vuln

Disaster Risk Reduction (6 decks)

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