Lecture 6

Question 1

Animals belong to which monophyletic group?

Answer 1

Kingdom Animalia (in Domain Eukarya)

Question 2

Do they have a cell wall?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 3

Organism that obtains carbon from organic sources (ex: glucose)

Question 4

Are animals chemoheterotrophs
or photoheterotrophs?

Answer 4

Chemoheterotrophs, since they produce their energy by obtaining their carbon from consuming an organic molecule and using chemical reactions to complete their energy process.

Question 5

What are animals?

Answer 5

Ingestive heterotrophs

Question 6

What is the Metazoa?

Answer 6

Clade that includes all animals

Question 7

What is the Eumetazoa?

Answer 7

Clade of animals with true tissues (everything besides sponges)

Question 8

What is the Porifera?

Answer 8

Clade of animals that lack true tissues (sponges only).

Question 9

How are animals characterized?

Answer 9

Body symmetry, Tissues, Body cavities, Embryo development.

Question 10

What are the types of symmetry?

Answer 10

Radial symmetry, Bilateral symmetry, Asymmetrical

Question 11

Definition of Radial symmetry

Answer 11

Symmetry in which a body cavity can be divided into multiple mirror-imaged halves by any plane through its central axis

Question 12

Definition of Bilateral symmetry

Answer 12

Symmetry in a body cavity that has a clear left and right side. Additionally, Cephalization is present (concentration of sensory equipment at one end, the brain)

Question 13

Definition of Asymmetrical

Answer 13

A body cavity with no symmetry

Question 14

What is a tissue?

Answer 14

A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit

Question 15

What are the types of tissues

Answer 15

Diplobastic and Triplobastic

Question 16

Components of a Diplobastic tissue

Answer 16

(1.) 2 germ layers, (2.) Structures: Endoderm, Ectoderm, (3.) Only present in Radial organisms

Question 17

Components of a Triplobastic tissue

Answer 17

(1.) 3 germ layers, (2.) Structures: Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm, (3.) Only present in Bilateral organisms

Question 18

Do sponges have true tissues?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

What is the germ layer?

Answer 19

Germ layers are the first tissues that arise in early embryonic development that gives rise to all tissues

Question 20

Role of the Ectoderm?

Answer 20

Outer covering and central nervous system

Question 21

Role of the Endoderm?

Answer 21

Lining of digestive tract; liver and lungs in vertebrates

Question 22

Role of the Mesoderm?

Answer 22

Muscles and organs between digestive system and outer covering

Question 23

How can animals with bilateral
body symmetry be further classified?

Answer 23

Via their body cavities and embryo development

Question 24

What is the Coelom?

Answer 24

Fluid-filled space between tissue layers that forms from the mesoderm

Question 25

What are the Coelom's functions?

Answer 25

* Structural support (ex: hydrostatic skeleton) * Transport system for nutrients, gas exchange and waste removal * Cushions organs and allows them to move independently ex: intestines moving, heart beating

Question 26

What are the three types of body cavities?

Answer 26

Coelom, Hemocoel, Compact

Question 27

Describe a Coelomic body cavity.

Answer 27

* Larger animals have a coelom * Fully enclosed by mesoderm

Question 28

Describe a Hemocoelic body cavity.

Answer 28

Cavity between endoderm and mesoderm * Remnant of blastocoel * Filled with hemolymph * Hemolymph is the blood equivalent in an open circulatory system

Question 29

The Hemocoel is a remnant of what cavity?

Answer 29

Blastocoel

Question 30

What is hemolymph?

Answer 30

Hemolymph is the blood equivalent in an open circulatory system

Question 31

Describe a Compact body cavity.

Answer 31

* Some small or flat animals have no body cavity (solid) * Rely on diffusion across body surface instead of circulation

Question 32

What are the two methods of embryo development?

Answer 32

Protostome, Deuterostome

Question 33

What are the key factors that differentiate protostomes and deuterostomes in embryonic development?

Answer 33

Cleavage, Coelom Formation, Fate of Blastopore

Question 34

Describe the formation of the cleavage during embryonic development for protostomes.

Answer 34

* Spiral cleavage, Planes of cell division are diagonal to vertical axis of embryo * Determinate cleavage, Fate of each embryonic cell is determined early

Question 35

Describe the formation of the cleavage during embryonic development for deuterostomes.

Answer 35

* Radial cleavage, Planes of cell division are parallel or perpendicular to vertical axis of embryo * Determinate cleavage, Each early cell can develop into a complete embryo (identical twins are possible!)

Question 36

In general, describe the difference in the cleavage formation during embryonic development of both methods.

Answer 36

Protostomes: Spiral and determinate vs Deuterostomes: Radial and indeterminate

Question 37

Describe the coelom formation during embryonic development for protostomes.

Answer 37

* Solid masses of mesoderm cells split and form coelom.

Question 38

Describe the coelom formation during embryonic development for deuterostomes.

Answer 38

* Mesoderm buds from archenteron to form coelom

Question 39

In general, describe the difference of the coelom formation during embryonic development of both methods.

Answer 39

Protostomes: Coelom forms by splitting of the mesoderm. vs Deuterostomes: Coelom forms by outpocketing of the archenteron.

Question 40

What is the Blastopore?

Answer 40

Blastopore is first opening to form in embryo, a second opening will then form at the opposite end

Question 41

Describe the fate of blastopore during the embryonic development for protostomes.

Answer 41

* Blastopore develops into mouth * First mouth

Question 42

Describe the fate of blastopore during the embryonic development for deuterostomes.

Answer 42

* Blastopore develops into anus * Second mouth

Question 43

In general, describe the difference of the fate of Blastopore formation during embryonic development of both methods.

Answer 43

Protostomes: Mouth develops from the blastopore vs Deuterostomes: Anus develops from the blastopore

Question 44

What are the three major clades of bilaterians?

Answer 44

(i) Deuterostomia (ii) Lophotrochozoa (iii)Ecydsyozoa

Question 45

Protostomes constitute from which major clades of bilaterians?

Answer 45

Lophotrochozoa, Ecydsyozoa

Question 46

The Deuterostomia is made up of which phylums?

Answer 46

Chordata, Hemichordata, Echinodermata

Question 47

What are the characteristics of the Chordata

Answer 47

* Gill slits * Dorsal, hollow nerve cord * Notocord * Only phylum that includes vertebrates!

Question 48

What are the characteristics of the Hemichordata?

Answer 48

* Gill slits * Dorsal, hollow nerve cord * NO notocord

Question 49

What are the characteristics of the Echinodermata

Answer 49

* NO gill slits, nerve chord, or notocord

Question 50

Examples of Chordata?

Answer 50

* Tunicates * Lancelot * Fishes * Amphibians * Reptiles * Birds * Mammals

Question 51

Examples of Hemichordata?

Answer 51

* Acorn worm

Question 52

Examples of Echinodermata

Answer 52

* Starfish * Sea cucumbers * Sea urchins

Question 53

What are Ecdysozoa?

Answer 53

Protostomes

Question 54

Characteristics of Ecdysozoa?

Answer 54

* Secrete exoskeleton * Animals molt as they get bigger and secrete a new exoskeleton

Question 55

Ecdysozoa includes which animals?

Answer 55

- Roundworms - Crustaceans - Insects - Arachnids

Question 56

Characteristics of Lophotrochozoa?

Answer 56

* Some have a lophophore - Crown of ciliated tentacles for feeding * Some go through a trochophore larva developmental stage

Question 57

Lophotrochozoa include which animals?

Answer 57

- Flatworms - Rotifers - Snails - Bivalves - Cephalopods - Earthworms (annelids) - Brachiopods

Question 58

Molluscs regards which animals specifically?

Answer 58

- Snails - Bivalves - Cephalopods