Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ecology and Evolution > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

Evolution of Biodiversity

1
Q

Eukaryotes are more closely related to archaea or bacteria?

A

Archea (closer common ancestor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Domain Eukarya contains which other clades?

A

Animalia, Fungi, Plantae,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of Domain Bacteria?

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • No-membrane bound organelles; no nucleus
  • Classified into 3 main shapes
    (spherical, rod-shaped, spiral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are endospores?

A

Bacterial offspring (made to survive harsh conditions such-as high temperatures.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the characteristics of Domain Archaea?

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • No-membrane bound organelles; no nucleus
  • Like bacteria, some archaea are part of our microbiome
  • So far, no pathogenic archaea have been discovered
  • Some Archaea live in extreme conditions
  • Ex: hot springs, salt lakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

Based on how they obtain carbon sources and energy sources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the categories used to describe how organisms obtain their Carbon source?

A

(1.) Autotroph, (2.) Heterotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe a autotroph

A

Organisms obtaining carbon from inorganic sources (ex: CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe a Heterotroph

A

Organisms obtaining – carbon from organic sources (ex: glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the categories used to describe how organisms obtain their Energy source?

A

(1.) Phototroph, (2.) Chemotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe a Phototroph

A

Organisms obtaining - energy from light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe a Chemotroph

A

Organisms obtaining – energy from chemical sources (ex: glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In what categories of nutritional modes Bacteria belong to?

A

All 4. Photoautotroph, Chemoautotroph, Photoheterotroph, Chemoheterotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what categories of nutritional modes Archaea belong to?

A

Archaea have been discovered
in all categories, except photoautotrophy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what categories of nutritional modes Protists belong to?

A

Either Photoautotrophs(photosynthetic) or chemoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In what categories of nutritional modes Plants belong to?

A

All photoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In what categories of nutritional modes Animals belong to?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In what categories of nutritional modes Fungi belong to?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are prokaryotes important?

A

They are necessary for the chemical recycling between the living and non-living components of ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the types of prokaryotes?

A

i. Decomposers
Chemoheterotrophic and break down dead organisms to release carbon, nitrogen and other elements back into the ecosystem

ii. Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
Convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a form
that other organisms can use.

iii. Autotrophic prokaryotes can make glucose from CO2 and produce O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe me Aerobic bacteria?

A

Aerobic bacteria, use oxygen to carry out
cellular respiration and have infoldings of the plasma membrane that are similar to cristae of
mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe Photosynthetic bacteria.

A

Photosynthetic bacteria have
thylakoid membranes like chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Endosymbiosis?

A

The Theory of evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells from ancient bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is step one of endosymbiosis?

A

Infolding of the plasma membrane of
an ancestral prokaryote created the
nucleus and ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is step two of endosymbiosis?
An engulfed aerobic bacterium became the mitochondria
26
What is step three of endosymbiosis?
One of these early eukaryotes went on to engulf a photosynthetic bacterium which became the chloroplast
27
Give all the steps of endosymbiosis.
i. Infolding of the plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryote created the nucleus and ER ii. An engulfed aerobic bacterium became the mitochondria iii. One of these early eukaryotes went on to engulf a photosynthetic bacterium which became the chloroplast
28
How old is the earliest eukaryote?
The earliest eukaryotic fossil is 1.8 billion years old
29
What is the evidence for the theory of endosymbiosis.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts (and other plastids): * Have enzymes and transport systems homologous to bacteria in inner membrane * Replicate similarly to how bacteria do * Have a circular chromosome not associated with histones * Contain ribosomes similar to bacterial ribosomes
30
What happened 2 billion years ago that made complex eukaryotic life possible? (aside from endosymbiosis)
Introduction of Atmospheric oxygen
31
What is an example of photosynthetic bacteria?
Cyanobacteria
32
Explain the oxygen revolution.
* Oxygen produced by photosynthetic prokaryotes began to enter the atmosphere once the oceans became saturated * Many anaerobic prokaryotes went extinct * Cellular respiration evolved as an adaptation to an aerobic atmosphere
33
Describe the Protists.
* Organisms within domain Eukarya * The earliest eukaryotes were likely protists * Can be unicellular, colonial or multicellular * Can be animal-like, plant-like or fungal-like * Not a monophyletic group!
34
What is a unicellular cell?
A cell that can live alone
35
What is a colonial cell?
A cell that can live alone or together with other cells
36
What is a multicellular cell?
Cells that can only live togther
37
Characterize animal-like protists.
* Closely related to fungi and animals * Obtain food by ingestion * Are heterotrophs * Include Paramecia and Amoeba
38
Characterize plant-like protists.
* Photosynthetic (autotrophic) * Include red algae and green algae * Closest living relatives to land plants
39
Characterize fungus-like protists.
* Decomposers * Heterotrophs * Example: Slime molds
40
What is the ecological role of protists?
* Photosynthetic protists carry out 30% of the world’s photosynthesis!
41
Which groups are multicellular?
Plants, Animals, Fungi
42
Which groups are protists?
Euglenozoans, Forams, Diatoms, Ciliates, Red algae, Green algae, Tubulinids
43
When did the first multicellular eukaryotes arise?
1.8-1.2 billion years ago
44
When did movement onto land of fungi, plants and animals occur?
500 million years ago
45
Characterize Fungi.
* Evolved ~1.5 billion years ago (moved onto land ~500 million years ago) * Most species are multicellular * Absorptive heterotrophs (obtain nutrients by absorbing them, do not “ingest” food like animals do)
46
What is the ecological role of fungi?
* Along with prokaryotes, fungi are important decomposers in the ecosystem
47
Characterize Plants.
* Land plants evolved ~500 million years ago * Plants evolved adaptations that prevented dehydration and made reproduction on land possible * ~420 million years ago, plants evolved vascular systems and a wax coating * ~380 million years ago, plants evolved to have true roots and leaves * Are multicellular and photosynthetic * Charophytes (a green algae) are closest relatives * Charophytes inhabit shallow waters which would sometimes dry up. Algae that were adapted to survive these conditions were selected for!
48
Plants belong to which kingdom?
Plantae
49
What are the closest relatives to plants?
* Charophytes
50
Where do Charophytes habit?
They inhabit shallow waters which would sometimes dry up.
51
What are the advantages of plants colonizing land?
* Sunlight is brighter because it is not filtered by water and plankton * More CO2 in air than water * Soil near water is rich in nutrients
52
What are the disadvantages of plants colonizing land
* Less access to water * Lack of structural support against gravity
53
What are the adaptations plants made to dry land?
Epidermis with waxy cuticle * Prevents dessication (i.e. drying out) Stomata * Allows exchange of CO2 and O2 between air and plant Mycorrhizal fungi * Help absorb nutrients from soil Roots and vascular tissue * Extract water/nutrients from soil and carry throughout the plant
54
Explain the Alternation of Generations
TBD, check internet or book
55
What are the four groups of land plants
(1) Bryophytes: - mosses, liverworts and hornworts (2) Pterophytes: -ferns (3) Gymnosperms: - conifers, evergreens (4) Angiosperms: - flowering plants
56
Characterize the Phylum Bryophyta
* Mosses and relatives * Seedless * Nonvascular (no roots of leaves); have to be short! * Gametophyte generation is dominant * Sporophytes are smaller and dependent on gametophyte * Require water for fertilization because sperm must swim to egg
57
Are Bryophytes gametophyte dominant
Yes
58
Shortly characterize gametophytes.
Are larger and live longer
59
What are the three vascular plants?
Pterophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
60
Describe roots.
Roots anchor plant and absorb water and nutrients from the soil and contain 2 different types of vascular tissue, Xylem and Phloem.
61
Characterize the Xyelm.
* transports water and minerals from the root to the rest of the plant * Supported by lignin embedded in the cell wall
62
Characterize the Phloem.
- transports dissolved sugar
63
Do stems and leaves have xylem or phloem?
Yes
64
Describe the Phylum Pterophyta
* Ferns * Seedless * Vascular (roots, leaves and stems containing xylem and phloem) * Sporophyte dominant * Gametophytes are independent * Water is needed for fertilization because sperm must swim to egg
65
Where to sporophyte initially grow?
* Sporophyte initially grow out of the gametophyte but then becomes the dominant life stage
66
What are the two seed plants?
Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
67
Describe what a seed is.
- A sporophyte embryo, surrounded by a food supply and a protective coat.
68
Describe what is a embryo
Formed when the female gamete (within the ovule) is fertilized by a male gamete (sperm); is diploid and will develop into the new sporophyte
69
Where are reduced gametophytes found?
They are found inside the pollen (male) or the ovule (female); more protected from UV radiation and desiccation
70
Gametophyte of gymnosperms and angiosperms is reduced, usually microscopic!
FYI
71
Describe pollen.
-Pollen grains contain male gametophyte (produces male gamete) * Pollen can be transported long distances by wind or on an animal * Does NOT need water to reach the egg!
72
Describe Gymnosperms
* Includes Phylum Coniferophyta * Pollen * Seeds * naked, not surrounded by fruit * develop in female cone * Vascular * Sporophyte is dominant life stage (tree) * Gametophytes are reduced (microscopic) and dependent on sporophyte
73
Describe Angiosperms (flowering plants).
* Phylum Anthophyta * Pollen * Seeds * Surrounded by fruit * Vascular * Ovary develops into fruit when ovules are fertilized * Sporophyte is dominant life stage (tree) * Gametophytes are reduced (microscopic), dependent on sporophyte and found within the male and female structure of the flower
74
What is the reproductive advantage to having flowers?
Attracts pollinators
75
What is the reproductive advantage to having fruit?
Seeds will spread by animals eating fruit
76
In sum, characterize Bryophytes (mosses)
(1.) No vascular tissue, (2.) Rhizoids (not true roots), (3.) Sperm (flagella) Needs water, (4.) Sporophyte grows out of gametophyte (stays dependent on gametophyte), (5.) Gametophyte is independent of sporophyte, (6.) Gametophyte dominant
77
In sum, characterize Pterophytes (ferns)
(1.) Vascular tissue: Xylem and Phloem, (2.) Roots, (3.) Sperm (flagella) Needs water, (4.) Sporophyte grows out of gametophyte (eventually becomes independent), (5.) Gametophyte is reduced but is still independent of sporophyte, (6.) Sporophyte dominant
78
In sum, characterize Gymosperms (Coniferophyta)
(1.) Vascular tissue: Xylem and Phloem, (2.) Roots, (3.) Pollen: carries male gamete within, (4.) Seeds: contain sporophyte embryo, Naked seed (develops in female cone), (5.) Male cone: Contains male gametophyte Female cone: Contains female gametophyte (6.) Sporophyte dominant
79
In sum, characterize Angiosperms (Anthophyta)
(1.) Vascular tissue: Xylem and Phloem, (2.) Roots, (3.) Pollen: carries male gamete within, (4.) Seeds: contain sporophyte embryo, Fruit (seeds inside) (5.) Flower * Contains male and female gametophytes * Ovary develops into fruit (6.) Sporophyte dominant

Ecology and Evolution (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions