lecture 6 Flashcards
lecture 6 material
1
Q
What is the DART mission?
A
- stands for Double Asteroid Redirect Test
- mission from NASA; success
- 2 small objects to impact the moon
- can we change the trajectory of the asteroid
- dimorphus; name of asteroid that NASA impacted in 2022
- we can measure the change
- was able to reduce the orbital period by minutes
- rocket smashes into it to redirect and change orbit
- known has kinetic impact; impacts can change trajectory
- the type of material reacts differently; tells us the physical properties of them
- created a light show ish
- tells us that this is a way to protect the planet; small change can move the object out of direct impact to earth ( do it years in advance )
- only way to protect earth
- last major impact killed 90% of life 66m years ago
2
Q
What is the HERA mission?
A
- launched on monday oct 7, return 2026
- falcon 9 launched HERA
- to exam the impact site of dimorphus; how the kinetic impact was absorbed by dimorphos (how affective it can be to protect the planet)
3
Q
Facts/information about the international space station
A
- does things every week
- 7 astronauts usually on it (cosmonauts, and astronauts) from multiple space stations
- continuously occupied since 2000
- many nations fund the regulation of ISS (mostly USA and Russia)
- took 10 years to build ISS; completed in 2011
- about as big as a 5 bedroom house
- has many solar panels; track the sun
- batteries on board when in earths shadow
- things have been added since then
- anticipated operational end is 2030
- about as big as a 5 bedroom house
- receives resupply once a month
- research
- testing things within low gravity environment
- pharmaceutical, life support, genetic sequences
- how successful people can live and work in space
- seeing if things can be autonomous within aid from earth; ISS wont be, just seeing if its possible
- testing things within low gravity environment
4
Q
Before mars exploration; what was getting us there
no crewed spacecrafts; talking about rovers that got there
A
- rocket launchers going into space was getting more efficient
- flyby missions on venus was a big point
- mars environment is more hospitable then venus; moved to focus on mars
- venus has extreme temperature + atmospheric pressure
- mars has low atmospheric pressure
- more like earth therfore more manageable
5
Q
Which spacecrafts made it to mars?
A
-
Mariner 9 (NASA)
- first spacecraft to orbit another planet
-
Mars 2 and 3 (soviet)
- 2 - arrived in orbit and crashed into mars
- 3 - transmitted data
- next step was to land on mars
-
Viking mission (NASA)
- landers (not rovers)
- transmitted data for 6 years
- landers (not rovers)
Success
- first opportunity to examine an earth like planet
- habitability; life on mars
- figured out mars material
- full of rocks
- thin atmosphere; 1% of ours its sky is orangey brown
- dust covered
- chilly temperature
6
Q
What occured after the space race?
A
- LEO was more achievable
- satellites had commercial and scientific opportunities
- looking at earth, telecommunication; had more interest
- satellites had commercial and scientific opportunities
- both soviet union and the USA turned their attention to advancing other space projects; space stations
7
Q
What was the first space station?
A
- SALYUT 1 (1971)
- first space station
- ~2 bedroom facility; 20m long
- only stayed for a couple months before having a controlled de-orbit
- first viable human habitat
- astronauts stayed 24 days
- 88.5 min orbit
- was a proof of concept
- first space station
8
Q
What was the first space fatalities beyond the karman line?; where space begins
A
- SOYUZ 11
- 3 person crew and operated for 24 days
- 3 cosmonauts died during re-entry
- fault valve that depressurized
- they were not wearing spacesuits during re-entry;
- only astronauts to die beyond karman line; space
- 3 cosmonauts died during re-entry
- 3 person crew and operated for 24 days
- spacesuits are now required to be worn during re-entry because of this incident
9
Q
What was Skylab?
A
- an orbiting workshop for observatories
- much larger than SALYUT
- solar observatory
- only 1 solar panel remained
- 1 was ripped off
- had an aluminum thing on it
- used leftover hardware from Apollo program; third stage
- was almost completely destroyed by the time it got into orbit; required on-orbit repairs
- first mission to skylab was to save it after almost destroyed
- 3 crewed mission max 84 days
- had a bathroom
- re-entered earth in an uncontrolled manner
- common practice now to carefully do it
- was supposed to survive for longer
- solar maximum increased friction; lowering its orbit and caused its uncontrolled landing in western australia, narrowly missing main population
10
Q
Spaceshuttle Development
A
- space transportation system (STS)
- access LEO easily
- reusable ; cost efficient
- 135 missions; 355 astronauts
- referred to as space truck
- space shuttle would glide; enterprise
- never flew in space; gave confidence it can fly successfully
- space shuttle would glide; enterprise
11
Q
Which shuttle was able to reach jupiter and what was its purpose?
A
- outer planet (jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune)
- we werent aware how dangerous it was to go through the asteroid belt
-
Pioneer 10
- sucessfully gone through asteroid belt without getting hit
- first spacecraft to achieve escape velocity from solar system
- main goal was to see how dangerous Jupiter was going to be in regards of radiation
- can we examine the same way we do inner planets?
- first spacecraft to have a gravitational assist by its gravity, takes it out of solar system
- successfully for 30 years
- solar panels
- none; useless if ur further from the sun (weaker the sunlight)
- used to be very inefficient; used plutonium instead
12
Q
Why is mercury difficult to reach despite it being closer to earth then outer planets?- losest planet to the sun
A
- picks up speed as you get closer; closer to sun, faster u go
- it was difficult to get a soft landing do the the speed that any rover/lander that would approach it had
-
Mariner 10
- gravity assist (redirect) from venus allowed it to orbit 3 times around mercury
- first only spacecraft to examine mercury until 2008
13
Q
What was the ‘famous handshake’?
A
- Apollo-soyuz (NASA and soviet union)
- first and most important collaboration; famous handshake
- consdiered the end of the space race (1975)
- the first crewed mission that had astronauts from USA and Soviet union together
- started building ISS together
14
Q
Another step forward in space exploration: mars
A
- the next step was to explore and put landers on the surface of mars
- viking program from NASA put 2 landers on mars in 1976
- its mission was to search for signs of life
15
Q
What development occured after the space-race completed?
A
- things died down in the 1970s after landing on the moon; allowed for more collaboration between the two nations
- crewed and uncrewed vehicles
- uncrewed is much cheaper
- more focused on science equipment
- more commerical satellites were being launched
- uncrewed is much cheaper
- more cooperation between USA and Soviet Union
- other groups were beginning to form (1975)
- no longer just USA and soviet union
- European space agency ESA (europe)
