lecture 6 Flashcards
lecture 6 material
1
Q
What is the DART mission?
A
- stands for Double Asteroid Redirect Test
- mission from NASA; success
- 2 small objects to impact the moon
- can we change the trajectory of the asteroid
- dimorphus; name of asteroid that NASA impacted in 2022
- we can measure the change
- was able to reduce the orbital period by minutes
- rocket smashes into it to redirect and change orbit
- known has kinetic impact; impacts can change trajectory
- the type of material reacts differently; tells us the physical properties of them
- created a light show ish
- tells us that this is a way to protect the planet; small change can move the object out of direct impact to earth ( do it years in advance )
- only way to protect earth
- last major impact killed 90% of life 66m years ago
2
Q
What is the HERA mission?
A
- launched on monday oct 7, return 2026
- falcon 9 launched HERA
- to exam the impact site of dimorphus; how the kinetic impact was absorbed by dimorphos (how affective it can be to protect the planet)
3
Q
Facts/information about the international space station
A
- does things every week
- 7 astronauts usually on it (cosmonauts, and astronauts) from multiple space stations
- continuously occupied since 2000
- many nations fund the regulation of ISS (mostly USA and Russia)
- took 10 years to build ISS; completed in 2011
- about as big as a 5 bedroom house
- has many solar panels; track the sun
- batteries on board when in earths shadow
- things have been added since then
- anticipated operational end is 2030
- about as big as a 5 bedroom house
- receives resupply once a month
- research
- testing things within low gravity environment
- pharmaceutical, life support, genetic sequences
- how successful people can live and work in space
- seeing if things can be autonomous within aid from earth; ISS wont be, just seeing if its possible
- testing things within low gravity environment
4
Q
Before mars exploration; what was getting us there
no crewed spacecrafts; talking about rovers that got there
A
- rocket launchers going into space was getting more efficient
- flyby missions on venus was a big point
- mars environment is more hospitable then venus; moved to focus on mars
- venus has extreme temperature + atmospheric pressure
- mars has low atmospheric pressure
- more like earth therfore more manageable
5
Q
Which spacecrafts made it to mars?
A
-
Mariner 9 (NASA)
- first spacecraft to orbit another planet
-
Mars 2 and 3 (soviet)
- 2 - arrived in orbit and crashed into mars
- 3 - transmitted data
- next step was to land on mars
-
Viking mission (NASA)
- landers (not rovers)
- transmitted data for 6 years
- landers (not rovers)
Success
- first opportunity to examine an earth like planet
- habitability; life on mars
- figured out mars material
- full of rocks
- thin atmosphere; 1% of ours its sky is orangey brown
- dust covered
- chilly temperature
6
Q
What occured after the space race?
A
- LEO was more achievable
- satellites had commercial and scientific opportunities
- looking at earth, telecommunication; had more interest
- satellites had commercial and scientific opportunities
- both soviet union and the USA turned their attention to advancing other space projects; space stations
7
Q
What was the first space station?
A
- SALYUT 1 (1971)
- first space station
- ~2 bedroom facility; 20m long
- only stayed for a couple months before having a controlled de-orbit
- first viable human habitat
- astronauts stayed 24 days
- 88.5 min orbit
- was a proof of concept
- first space station
8
Q
What was the first space fatalities beyond the karman line?; where space begins
A
- SOYUZ 11
- 3 person crew and operated for 24 days
- 3 cosmonauts died during re-entry
- fault valve that depressurized
- they were not wearing spacesuits during re-entry;
- only astronauts to die beyond karman line; space
- 3 cosmonauts died during re-entry
- 3 person crew and operated for 24 days
- spacesuits are now required to be worn during re-entry because of this incident
9
Q
What was Skylab?
A
- an orbiting workshop for observatories
- much larger than SALYUT
- solar observatory
- only 1 solar panel remained
- 1 was ripped off
- had an aluminum thing on it
- used leftover hardware from Apollo program; third stage
- was almost completely destroyed by the time it got into orbit; required on-orbit repairs
- first mission to skylab was to save it after almost destroyed
- 3 crewed mission max 84 days
- had a bathroom
- re-entered earth in an uncontrolled manner
- common practice now to carefully do it
- was supposed to survive for longer
- solar maximum increased friction; lowering its orbit and caused its uncontrolled landing in western australia, narrowly missing main population
10
Q
Spaceshuttle Development
A
- space transportation system (STS)
- access LEO easily
- reusable ; cost efficient
- 135 missions; 355 astronauts
- referred to as space truck
- space shuttle would glide; enterprise
- never flew in space; gave confidence it can fly successfully
- space shuttle would glide; enterprise
11
Q
Which shuttle was able to reach jupiter and what was its purpose?
A
- outer planet (jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune)
- we werent aware how dangerous it was to go through the asteroid belt
-
Pioneer 10
- sucessfully gone through asteroid belt without getting hit
- first spacecraft to achieve escape velocity from solar system
- main goal was to see how dangerous Jupiter was going to be in regards of radiation
- can we examine the same way we do inner planets?
- first spacecraft to have a gravitational assist by its gravity, takes it out of solar system
- successfully for 30 years
- solar panels
- none; useless if ur further from the sun (weaker the sunlight)
- used to be very inefficient; used plutonium instead
12
Q
Why is mercury difficult to reach despite it being closer to earth then outer planets?- losest planet to the sun
A
- picks up speed as you get closer; closer to sun, faster u go
- it was difficult to get a soft landing do the the speed that any rover/lander that would approach it had
-
Mariner 10
- gravity assist (redirect) from venus allowed it to orbit 3 times around mercury
- first only spacecraft to examine mercury until 2008
13
Q
What was the ‘famous handshake’?
A
- Apollo-soyuz (NASA and soviet union)
- first and most important collaboration; famous handshake
- consdiered the end of the space race (1975)
- the first crewed mission that had astronauts from USA and Soviet union together
- started building ISS together
14
Q
Another step forward in space exploration: mars
A
- the next step was to explore and put landers on the surface of mars
- viking program from NASA put 2 landers on mars in 1976
- its mission was to search for signs of life
15
Q
What development occured after the space-race completed?
A
- things died down in the 1970s after landing on the moon; allowed for more collaboration between the two nations
- crewed and uncrewed vehicles
- uncrewed is much cheaper
- more focused on science equipment
- more commerical satellites were being launched
- uncrewed is much cheaper
- more cooperation between USA and Soviet Union
- other groups were beginning to form (1975)
- no longer just USA and soviet union
- European space agency ESA (europe)
16
Q
What was the space shuttle era (1978)?
A
- first time NASA selected women to become astronauts
- shuttles were reusable, but costly
- launched with rocket, flew like a glider
- no parachute; basically a plane thing
- solid rocket boosters also reusable
- could not get higher then 500km, and was supposed to fly more regularly
17
Q
Who was the first USA woman in space?
A
- Sally ride (1983)
- Ride launched on STS-7 challenger
- 5 person crew spent 6 days in space
- 3rd woman in space ever (other nations)
18
Q
What did the spaceshuttle accomplish?
A
-also called a space truck / space taxi
- allowed for the creation of the international space station
- deployed Hubble space telescope
- replaced everything after launch
- mirror remained the same
- HST deep field exposure
- runs for 4 and half days
- every light is a galaxy
- 20 trillion galaxies
- 100-200 billion stars
- traces back 13 billion years
- launched the Galileo thing to jupiter
- launched the magellan to venus
19
Q
What was the space shuttle disaster?
A
- many who used shuttles believed they were invulnerable
- space shuttle challenger (1986)
- disintegrated 73 seconds into flight
- a seal shrunk that kept the fuel exhaust from escaping
- the hot exhaust gas was escaping and eroding away one of the struts that help the solid rocket booster in place
- strut gave away and collided with external fuel tank; explosion occurred that fulled apart the shuttle
- crew survived initial explosion and died while plummeting to the sea floor
- a crew member was a teacher; every school in the USA was watching the launch
- after this incident they sorted out what could have worked better, and after a hiatus, returned to flight
- made it safer
20
Q
What was the OTHER space shuttle disaster?
A
- Shuttle columbia (2003)
- similar to the challenger (1986) incident
- external fuel tank encased in foam containing liquid oxygen and hydrogen (-200°c)
- vapour condenses inside the foam and ice became imbeded in the foam
- during assent foam sheds off the tank (had been an issue for many years)
- vapour condenses inside the foam and ice became imbeded in the foam
- piece of the fuel tank (foam) shed and struck the wing
- US airforce wanted crew to take pictures, NASA said it wasn’t necessary
- the foam punched a hole in the wing
- during re entry, the wing structure eroded away at the internal structure, and eventually came off ~15 min to landing
- tragedy could have been avoided if the foam issue was addressed decades earlier, and if NASA took the precaution of examining the wing
- after this incident, George bush cancelled the space shuttle program as he deemed it was too fragile of a vehicle
- the plan was to replace the vehicle with a another one that would be able to take astronatus from and to earth
- didnt happen until 2020
- bought seats from russia for ~20-60 million a seat
- the plan was to replace the vehicle with a another one that would be able to take astronatus from and to earth
21
Q
Information about the planetary exploration of mars
A
- meteorite found in Antarctica allegedly showed signs of life on the surface of mars 4billion years ago
- proven to be incorrect; was chem and bio
- suggested mars was a habitable environment back then
- this encouraged NASA to redesign missions to mars
- small drone has flown on mars 73 times
22
Q
why is exploring mars so hard?
A
- very far away
- have to land softly
- instruments will survive 7 min; light travel time and signal travel time between earth and mars
- a lot of heat generate when slowing down
- need parachute
- all happens autonomously
- 7 minutes of terror because of the light travel time between earth and mars
- have to land softly
23
Q
How did the United Arab Emirates take advantage of space industry?
A
- space industry is worth billions
- wants to provide high technology jobs for their youth and help communication
- built a spacecraft called Hope
- 5th country to reach mars successfully
24
Q
What are Jovian worlds?
A
- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
- their structures are opposite to those of the terrestrial planets
25
Q
which spacecrafts reached jovian worlds?
A
- Pioneer 10 reached beyond the asteroid belt
- this region has been explored exclusively by NASA
- Pioneer 10, 11 exploring Jupiter and Saturn
- Voyager 1, 2 exploring Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
- still transmitting data ~45 years later
- Cassini-Huygens explored Saturn system
- saturns largest moon Titan
- thicker atmosphere than earth
- lakes on titan
- saturns largest moon Titan
- Galileo, Juno orbited Jupiter
- instruments help tell us about the radiation, magnetic field, particle densities, etc
26
Q
What are some highlights of Jupiter?
A
- the ocean world of the moon Europa was discovered and explored by Voyager 1,2, Galileo and Juno
- the most volcanic object in solar system (the moon lo) was explored by probes
- over 400 active volcanos
- some shoot above the surface of the moon
- about the size of our moon
- over 400 active volcanos
- both Galilean moons are comparable to our moons size
- messed up surfaces because of the lava
27
Q
What are some highlights about Saturn?
A
- the water geysers of the moon Enceladus were discovered by Cassini
- cassini flew through it
- Huygens discovered the methane lakes of titan
- titan is the only other world in our solar system that has liquid on its surface (-180°c)
- liquid propane creating lakes on titan
28
Q
What happened to pluto?
A
- no longer a planet; smaller then our own moon
- it is 40 times the distance of the earth to the sun
- was first found in 1930
- was demoted to dwarf planet after its small size was recognized
29
Q
What was the goal of the new horizons visit to pluto?
A
- went to pluto in 2006, got there in 2015
- fastest spacecraft
- got a gravity assist from jupiter
- got a clear image of pluto through this mission
- contains a huge glacier
- volacnoes erupting with solid ice
- rich with organic material (thorns)
- weak atmosphere around pluto
- also explored the kuiper belt
- most distant solar system object imaged from a spacecraft in 2019
- named it arrakoth
- most distant solar system object imaged from a spacecraft in 2019
30
Q
What are exoplanets?
A
- any planet beyond our solar system that orbits other stars
- kepler spacecraft firgured all this out
- started finding them in 1995
- there are about 7000-8000 exoplanets
- 200 billion total stars
31
Q
What is arrakoth?
A
- the most distant solar system obkect imaged from a spacecraft
- basically looks like two asteriods connected, one of them being smaller
32
Q
Types and amounts of telescopes
A
- there are clear advantages to using telescopes in space
- at least 15 gamma ray wavelength observatories have been launched for multiple countries
- at least 35 X-ray wavelength observatories have been launched for multiple countries
- at least 20 ultraviolet wavelength observatories have been launched for multiple countries
33
Q
What is the Hubble telescope?
A
- neither first nor last telescope launched
- been in orbit for 35 years
- earth/moon keeps blocking images of other planets
- useful because its not affected by earths clouds
34
Q
What is the james webb space telescope?
A
- launched 2021
- took 30 years to design, 20 years to build
- overbudget ($10 billion)
- 1.5 million kilometers away from earth
- has a sun shield that folds up
- 6.5m segmented mirrors also folds up
- it has imaged galaxies that are barely 200 million years old (of the big bang)
- (our universe is 13.77 billion years old)
35
Q
India in space
A
- Indian space research organization (ISRO)
- 1969
- developing own constellation communication satellites in earths orbit
- first satellite launched in 1975
- has its own SLV rockey ]
- 4 stage, solid, propellant)
- we can see indian astronauts in orbit next year
- have flown with NASA astronauts
- ISRO and European space agency wants to fly their own astronauts into orbit
36
Q
China in space
A
- China national space administration (CNSA)
- officially created in 1993
- have flown own astronauts into orbit
- have built their own ISS
- smaller
- 3rd one
- flown missions to the moon
- put rovers on the moon
- still transmitting on luna farside
- also launched rovers to mars
- politics precluded the involvement in the ISS and other collaborative ventures
- NASA astronatus cannot engage with chinese astronauts
37
Q
What are some private space industries?
A
- non-state entinties have increasingly become a part of the exploration and exploitaiton of space
- most agents are working with NASA
space x
- falcon nine
- started flying regularly in 2015
- developing “starship
- will be the most powerful rocket launcher
- will help NASA
- driven cost of launched down
- allows universities to deploy satellites into LEO
- commercialization of space
blue orgin
- mostly space tourism
- about to take largest rocket to bring a satellite to mars
axiom space
- taking space tourists to ISS
- developing space hotels
rocket lab
- small satellite deployment into LEO
Varda space industires
- pharmaceutical companies
- growing things in LEO and being depolyed by rocket lab
Sierra space
- developing space shuttle type thing
- bring people into and out of orbit
- turnaround
- will return like a glider
- small so will be refurbished easily
