Lecture 6

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 2

systematics

Answer 2

a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

Question 3

Hierarchical Classification

Answer 3

Linnaeus’ system for grouping species in increasingly inclusive categories

Question 4

a group in the hierarchy is called

Answer 4

taxon

Question 5

taxonomic groups from broad to narrow:

Answer 5

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 6

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 6

evolutionary history of a group of organisms, only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants would be named

Question 7

each branch point on a tree represents:

Answer 7

divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor

Question 8

evolutionary lineage is

Answer 8

a sequence of ancestral organisms leading to a particular descendant taxon

Question 9

Sister taxa are

Answer 9

groups that share common ancestor that is not shared by any other group

Question 10

a tree dosn’t show:

Answer 10

phenotypic similarity

Question 11

clade

Answer 11

a group of species including an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 12

monophyletic group

Answer 12

consisting of ancestor and all its descendants are clades

Question 13

Paraphyletic group

Answer 13

ancestral species and some descendants

Question 14

polyphyletic group

Answer 14

distinctly related species, not their most common ancestor

Question 15

outgroup

Answer 15

a species or group of species closely related to, but not a part of the group being studied (ingroup is opposite)

Question 16

Gene Duplication

Answer 16

increases number of genes in the genome = more opportunity for evolutionary change

Question 17

repeated gene duplications result in

Answer 17

gene families, groups of related genes within a genome

Question 18

two types of homologous genes

Answer 18

orthologous, paralogous genes

Question 19

orthologous genes

Answer 19

result of a speciation event and occurs between genes found in different species

Question 20

paralogous genes

Answer 20

results from gene duplication and occurs between gene copies within a species

Question 21

using orthologues

Answer 21

to infer phylogeny because they reflect the history of speciation events

Question 22

using paralouges

Answer 22

can diverge within a species because theu are present in more than one copy

Question 23

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 23

the movement of genes from one genome to another, can occur by exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and possibly fusion of organisms

Question 24

horizontal gene transfer example

Answer 24

Eukaryotes can acquire nuclear genes from bacteria and archaea