Lecture 5

Question 1

Macroevolution

Answer 1

the broad pattern of evolution above the species level (ex. origen of key adaptations)

Question 2

chemical and physical processes could produce simple cells through 4 stages:

Answer 2

1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2. combining ^ molecules into macromolecules
3. ^ joining into protocells (have homeostasis)
4. origin of self replicating molecules

Question 3

Ex of biotic building blocks

Answer 3

proteins, nucleic acids

Question 4

Abiotic Synthisis of Macromolecules:

Answer 4

Spontaneous synthesis of RNA monomers when dripped onto hot sand, clay, or rock. weak catalysts on early earth

Question 5

Protocells appeared with

Answer 5

replication and metabolism

Question 6

Protocells formed from:

Answer 6

fluid-filled vesicles with a membrane-like structure

Question 7

Self-replicating RNA plays a central role in:

Answer 7

protein synthisis

Question 8

ribozymes

Answer 8

catalyze many different reactions

Question 9

RNA molecules with the greatest ____ leaves the most descendant molecules

Answer 9

replication

Question 10

Fossils

Answer 10

preserved remains or impressions of individual organisms which lived in the past

Question 11

types of fossils:

Answer 11

1. sedimentary rock
2. trace fossils
3. mineralized fossils
4. amber (hardened tree resin)
5. frozen

Question 12

dating fossils using:

Answer 12

radiometric dating

Question 13

radiometric dating uses

Answer 13

radioactive isotopes, each with a half life

Question 14

First life forms

Answer 14

Microbes

Question 15

microbe:

Answer 15

organism too small to see with the naked eye

Question 16

Microbiome:

Answer 16

a community of microbes (ex. bacteria) that inhabit a particular environment

Question 17

First single-celled organisms

Answer 17

stromatolites

Question 18

stromatolites:

Answer 18

layered rocks that form when prokaryotes bind sediments together (around 3.5 bya)

Question 19

how did photosynthesis start?

Answer 19

bacteria evolved to release oxygen as a byproduct (simple photosynthesis) ~ 2.8bya

Question 20

what started using oxygen

Answer 20

eukaryotes (complex cells) ~ 2bya

Question 21

How did increased oxygen affect life

Answer 21

complex cells + more oxygen = multicellular life (also extinction of prokaryotic groups) ~ .875 bya

Question 22

3 domains of life

Answer 22

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 23

What do prokaryotes not have?

Answer 23

nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. (unicellular)

Question 24

Prokaryote social behavior called:

Answer 24

quorum sensing

Question 25

Quorum sensing

Answer 25

A colony forms when enough attach at one spot and produce slimy secretions which anchor group firmly, Once the mass is mature or too big, bacterial will break off and swim away, off to start their own biofilms elsewhere

Question 26

Eukaryotes have:

Answer 26

nucleus enclosed in membranes (multicellular)

Question 27

how did eukaryotes form (endosymbiotic theory)?

Answer 27

large eukaryotic cell ate small prokaryote

Question 28

Serial endosymbiosis

Answer 28

hypothesis that mitochondria evolved through a series of endosymbiotic events

Question 29

The Cambrian Explosion

Answer 29

535-525 mya many animal phyla appear suddenly

Question 30

Plate techtonics theorize that:

Answer 30

the earths crust is composed of plates floating on the underlying mantle, which slowly shift causing continental drift

Question 31

Continental drift caused (3)

Answer 31

1. formation of Pangea 2. changes of climate (forcing adaptations) 3. connected regions become isolated (allopatric speciation)

Question 32

Mass extinctions can:

Answer 32

change types of organisms found in ecological communities, eliminate advantageous adaptions

Question 33

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 33

rapid period of evolutionary change where many new species arise and adapt to different ecological niches