Lecture 6

Question 1

What is the flagella function. Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

Answer 1

• wave like “wiping” motion
• propell cell through liquid
  “Swim to places “- eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic - more rotational movement- more propeller like rather than swimming

Question 2

Cilia

Answer 2

Many on outside of the cell
Short hair like. Filter and catch food. Wave like synchronicity

Question 3

Cell walls.
What are they made of.

Answer 3

Fungi. Made of chitin
Algae. Made of cellulose

Support. Prevent swelling and ruptures

Question 4

Plasma membrane

Answer 4

• separates internal and external environment
• regulation of material in and out

Facilitated transport and active transport

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

Genetic material. DNA.
Genes for growth reproduction and metabolism

Chromatin. Non dividing cells

Enclosed by nuclear envoppe.

Question 6

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

Ribosomes attached to. Rough ER
Proteins transported

Smooth ER- no ribosomes attached, smooth transport

Question 7

Golgi apparatus

Answer 7

• stacks of flattened membranes
• sorts and packages proteins and lipids from ER
• transports to another area

Question 8

Lysosomes

Answer 8

Digestive enzymes

Question 9

Cytoskeleton.
- structure to assist transport

3 types of proteins

Answer 9

1. Mircotubuals
   - tracks for intracellulad transport
2. Intermediate filaments
   - anchor organelle in space
3. Mircofillament
4. Allow movement cell membrane

Question 10

Mitochondria

Answer 10

Carry out respiration
- convert chemical energy to cellular energy (ATP)

• can replicate independently and produce proteins

Question 11

Chloroplast

Answer 11

Photosynthesis. Capture light energy and covert it to chemical energy (sugars)

Can replicate independently and produce proteins. Have circular DNA and ribosomes

Question 12

Tree of life. Endomembrane development

Answer 12

1 billion years after PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES appeared

Evolved.
- separate compartments in cytoplasm form
- eveovled from original cell
- with these evolutionary changes— Separates metabolic process. And more surface area for reactions

Question 13

What is endosymbiosis

Answer 13

ATP producing bacteria cell ENGULFED by primitive eukaryote

Bacteria cell stays. And becomes partners. Than mitochondria is evolved

Question 14

Distinctive differences with fungi

Answer 14

Fungal walls. Contain chitin
Fungi do not have chloroplast
Two body forms. Multicellular and unicellular

MOLDS

Unicellular yeast
Fungal pathogens can change form= dimorphic
- grows as living mold
- body temp can convert to yeast

Question 15

MOLDS- distinctive structure of fungi

What is hyphae. Septae. Coencoytic. Mycelium.

Answer 15

Hyphae= individual filaments

Septae - with cross walls- pore allow mixing of contents

Coenocytic- without pore walls

Mycelium- inter woven mat of hyphae
- may be below ground or buried in nutrient source

Question 16

How does fungi grow

Answer 16

DECOMPOSER- break down. Recycle dead organic matter (bio films)

LICHENS - fungus and photobiont partner help each other survive in harsh conditions.

MYCORRHIZE- soli fungi and vascular plant root
Supply each other with nutrients plant grow better

Question 17

How does fungi reproduction work
Asexual.

Answer 17

In molds. Genetic identical spores released or hyphae fragments into segments
In yeast. Budding if cell
Creates vast diversity

Budding. New organism develop from an outgrowth or bud on the parent organism
- bud emerge from parent cell Grow and separate into new individual

Asexual spore. Spores contain genetic information from parent. Survive in harsh conditions.

Fragmentation. New organism grows from a fragment of parents body

Question 18

How does sexual fungi reproduction work

Mushroom dirgaram.

Answer 18

• hyphae from opposing mating types fuse to produce spores
• increases genetic diversity

Question 19

How is human fungus regulated.

Answer 19

Bacteria keeps fungus growth in check.

Antibiotics kill resident bacteria.

Fungus can overgrow. Cause dysbiosis (in-balance in bacteria composition. Change in bacterial metabolic activities.)

Question 20

What is trophozoite?

Answer 20

Active feeding stage for protist
- absorbing food from host
- illness and disease. Growth portion

Question 21

What is a Cyst

Answer 21

Dormant stage
Unfavourable growth conditions
Tough outer covering- resistance to drying out and chemicals
- cyst opens when favourable conditions return and release trophizoite

Question 22

What is coencytic

Answer 22

No separatation of cell wall in hyphae

Question 23

My

Question 24

Mycelium

Answer 24

Interwoven mat of hyphae
- may be below ground or buried in nutrient source

Question 25

Mycorrhizae

Answer 25

Soli and fungi vascular plant root help supply each other with nutrients