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bio test 8 > lecture 6 > Flashcards

lecture 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are introns really “junk” DNA?

A

No, we don’t really know too much what amount is junk DNA.

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2
Q

The Encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) Project has now determined that _____ (percent) of the human genome is functional. Of that percentage though, only _____ (percent) is defined as transcriptionally active, but serve no function (i.e. what they transcribe does not affect your body). Fill in the blanks.

A

80%, 62%

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3
Q

Which statement does not describe ENCODE’s definition of a functional element?

A
  • DNA sequence results in protein production
  • That can be transcribed
  • Distinct and reproducible biochemical signature
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4
Q

What is the scientific consensus regarding ENCODE’s findings regarding “junk” DNA?

A

There is no consensus

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5
Q

According to the video Epigenome The Symphony in Your Cells, what is an epigenome?

A

The epigenome is a set of chemical modifications to DNA and its associated proteins that can turn genes on or off, without changing the underlying DNA sequence

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6
Q

According to the video Epigenome The Symphony in Your Cells, what are epigenomic changes?

A

Epigenomic changes are alterations to the chemical modifications of DNA and its associated proteins that can affect gene expression.

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7
Q

According to the video Epigenome The Symphony in Your Cells, what happens during methylation?

A

When a chemical gets added to the DNA and it Prime a gene is turned off another type of change has more to do with the arrangement of DNA

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8
Q

According to the video Epigenome The Symphony in Your Cells, when does methylation seem to occur more within human cells?

A

Older brains

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9
Q

What is the definition of bioinformatics?

A

Is the application of computer programming mathematics and modeling to the analysis of large sets of biological data

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10
Q

What can you do with the information from bioinformatics?

A

Looking at the structure and function of a protein

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11
Q

What equipment is needed to complete bioinformatics?

A

Mass spectroscopy and protein chips

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12
Q

What can you predict with the information from bioinformatics?

A

Looking at the structure and function of a protein

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13
Q

What findings were discovered, after completing the human genome project, regarding mammal genome size?

A

All mammals almost have the same number and size of genes

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14
Q

What was another big genetic surprise discovered after the completion of the human genome project?

A

There is a large number of unfamiliar protein-encoding genes (transcribable genes) that we don’t know what they are making

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15
Q

Some plants have many more genes than humans and mammals. Why?

A

Plants have multiple duplications

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16
Q

Many duplications (to make the genome longer) have arose during the evolution of plants. Why?

A

We don’t really know, but polyploidy is why we think so

17
Q

Why do some animals, which we would deem “less-complex” contain more genes than ourselves?

A

Complexity and number of genes do not mean the complexity of species.

18
Q

Humans, mice, chimps, and gorillas are all very genetically identical, so what makes us different?

A

The expression of the genes. Same instruction set but built differently

19
Q

Humans with a single-point mutation in the transcription factor gene _______ have impaired speech and grammar but not impaired language comprehension. Fill in the blank.

A

FOXP2

20
Q

Which animals contain the FOXP2 gene and what does this gene normally control (i.e. code for within your cells)?

A

Chimpanzees, humans, mice. Not just speech, it also controls the motor function in your brain to allow the complex coordination to create words

21
Q

What is the difference between the FOXP2 gene for humans, mice and primates?

A

The FOXP2 proteins are only going to differ by three amino acids in mice and humans. Single amino acid difference between mice and primates. Humans and primates have 2 amino acid differences.

22
Q

The FOXP2 mutation in humans allows for what to occur compared to other organisms?

A

If it mutates it doesn’t work at all. It allows our brain, our larynx, and mouth to coordinate.

23
Q

According to the video FOXP2 Gene Linked to Language, what happened to the one family member when they had a FOXP2 mutation? What happened to a songbird when they had the same mutation?

A
  • Had difficulty speaking, and have trouble making complex syllables
  • Songbirds also have trouble
24
Q

According to the video FOXP2 Gene Linked to Language, how did the FOXP2 mutation affect the song of the twin mice?

A

More simple songs.

bio test 8 (4 decks)

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