lecture 2 Flashcards
- According to the video How Cells Become Specialized, what is special about stem cells inside a human blastocyst?
They aren’t differentiated yet and they aren’t specialized, they don’t have a special structure or special job. They can become any type of body cell
- According to the video How Cells Become Specialized, how do transcription factors play a role in cell differentiation?
Proteins usually determine which DNA transcribe into mRNA which will eventually be used to make proteins that can/will impact what a cell will look like/do
- According to the video How Cells Become Specialized, stem cells are not only found in embryos, which of these cells stated below can contain somatic stem cells as well?
They can be found in the body as well like your muscle, skin, liver or bone marrow, etc.
- According to the video How Cells Become Specialized, what does it mean if a cell is multipotent?
They can become many types of body cells (but not as many as the embryonic stem cells)
- According to the video How Cells Become Specialized, what are pluripotent stem cells?
Somatic stem cells that can Un-differentiate themselves + transform into regular stem cells
- What does determination mean cellularly speaking?
When a cell commits to a particular developmental pathway, but it hasn’t as of yet
- How many differentiated cells does a human body have?
200 Different types of cells
- This was the standard test for determination discussed in class. Know what is occurring in this diagram and be able to describe what is occurring during this experimental test.
LOOK AT DIAGRAM ON THE POWERPOINT (it wont upload)
- How do cells initiate developmental changes?
By using transcription factors to change patterns of gene expression
- Cells can become committed to follow a particular developmental path in one of two ways. Which statement explains one of these way?
Cell determination (two ways it can be completed)
cytoplasmic determinants - PATERNAL (a lot of info from an egg when put together which determines which cells are programmed in your body or not)
Cell-cell interactions - based on other factors, such as drinking things that can change hormones that the female has
- The ability to isolate and manipulate DNA revolutionized biotechnology. The construction of _____________ (a single-DNA molecule made from different genetic sources) began in the 1970s. Fill in the blank.
recombinant DNA
- What were the contributions of either Paul Berg or Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen to biotechnology discoveries?
1972 Paul Berg - first one that did it
1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen - took genes from a toad, put them in bacteria, and see if they could reproduce from generation to generation
- Early cloning experiments were some of the first to utilize new tools called restriction enzymes and endonucleases. Why are they important? (we discussed two reasons)
Early cloning involves restriction enzymes or endonuclease - used as a tool for the very first cloning experiments (cloning was the first kind of GMO)
