lecture 6 Flashcards
the modal model
passage of information from STM to LTM require
-rehearsal/practice
-consolidation
types of rehearsal
-maintenance rehearsal
-elaborative rehearsal
maintenance rehearsal
involves repeating information (out loud or in your head
elaborative rehearsal
involves additional memory aids like mnemonic devices.
***for example in order to remember that I should buy strawberries on my way home I’ll remember that I ate the most delicious strawberry cake in my friend’s party
distribution if rehearsal
-massed practice
-distributed practice
massed practice
involves using long study or practice sessions to encourage learning
distributed practice
involves breaking up studying into multiple sessions spaced out over time.
consolidation
The process of integrating new information into
stored information
intentional learning
The participants are aware that their memory is going to be tested and they intentionally try to remember the materials
incidental learning
Participants are unaware that there will be a memory test. They learn without any intention to learn.
craik and Watkins -the amount of rehearsal-
levels of processing craik and lockhart
problems with levels of processing-transfer appropriate processing
capacity and duration of the LTM
-UNLIMITED capacity
-Accessibility” problems rather than “availability”
-Recognition of names as belonging to classmates
- Good at matching names to photos
- Higher rate of forgetting for recall of names
encoding
-Patterns of errors
-Mostly semantic errors, but also acoustic and visual
forgetting -proactive and retroactive interference-
proactive interference is the condition when the old memory of a human interferes with his or her new memory.
retroactive interference is the condition when the new memory of the person interferes with his or her old memory
STM vs LTM ( capacity /encoding /duration /forgetting)
STM LTM
7 ± 2 UNLIMITED
acoustic semantic
20s hours to lifetime
interference interference
rather than decay
the mind of a mnemonist by Luria
-they have an unremarkable memory
-can reproduce long strings of words even after 15-16 years
what is synesthesia?
-A combined perception, a crossing of two or more senses.
-when one sense is stimulated it triggers the other automatically for example when you hear your mother’s voice you see the color purple
-same stimuli evoke the same reaction
-undirectional means that the sound triggers the colors but not the way around
mnemonic devices
1/ categorization/clustering
2/peg-word systems
3/method of loci
4/memory palace
categorization/clustering
for example once you hear milk products than automatically you think of milk/cheese/yogurt
peg-word systems
involves linking words with numbers.
for example,
-one is a bun
-two is a shoe
method of loci
a strategy for memory enhancement, which uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information.
for example, to recall if I locked my house door I should remember the fact that left the house
memory palace
the network !!
Network= Nodes + Connections (Associations)
the memory search starts with one node and travels via connection until the target node is found
node activation
threshold activation depends on:
-how much activation is received
-how recently the activation is received
-the number of the previous activation, is it additive
spreading activation of the node
once the node is activated it activates other nodes automatically
the activation is toward all the directions, some activation will be greater due to association quality
