LECTURE 6

Question 1

Genetic Variation

Answer 1

individual differ because they carry different genes

Question 2

environmental variation

Answer 2

individuals differ because they experience different environments
for example, climate, diet, culture, lifestyle, accidents

Question 3

Epigenetic changes

Answer 3

modify the activation of certain genes, but not the genetic code sequence of genes

Question 4

Transgeneration epigenetic effects

Answer 4

all processes that have evolved to achieve the nongenetic determination of phenotype

Question 5

What are the big 5 personality dimensions in animals?

Answer 5

• shyness-boldness
  -exploration avoidance
  -activity
  -aggressiveness
  -sociality

Question 6

how do mutations arise?

Answer 6

• alterations to DNA that escape repair before or during replication
• errors occurring during replication that escape repair

Question 7

small scale mutations

Answer 7

• point mutations
• modifications of single base pairs of DNA or other small base pairs within a gene

Question 8

Silent Mutations

Answer 8

code for same/similar amino acids and leave encoded protein unaltered
- always occurs at the end of a sequence
- doesn’t really affect anything

Question 9

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 9

code for a stopped codon and can truncate protein
- results in nonsense
- stops the sequence
- always occurs on the first letter of that sequence

Question 10

Missense Mutation

Answer 10

code for different amino acids and might change encoded protein
- typically occurs in the middle of a sequence
- different proteins are introduced
- has a huge impact

Question 11

large scale mutations

Answer 11

• single chromosome mutations
• multiple chromosome mutations
• whole genome mutations

Question 12

Beneficial mutations

Answer 12

• adaptive
• selected and persisting

Question 13

neutral mutations

Answer 13

• adaptive or non adaptive
• selected and eliminated