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IMMUNOLOGY VDMP817 > lecture 6 > Flashcards

lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive immune system is optimized to recognize

A

microbial macromolecules

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2
Q

best antigens are

A

large, complex, stable, foreign proteins

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3
Q

small molecules of less than 5000Da

A

are usually poor antigens

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4
Q

small molecules may be made antigenic by linking them to

A

large proteins (carrier)

small molecules are haptens

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5
Q

haptens

A

small molecules used as antigen carriers/antigenic - carrying small molecules by linking together

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6
Q

epitopes

A

specific areas on the surface of foreign molecules that cells of adaptive immune system can use BCR/TCR to recognize

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7
Q

five classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD

all originate as B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) that are shed/secreted into body fluids

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8
Q

IgG

A

predominant immunoglobulin serum
mainly responsible for systemic defense

blood, tissue, colostrom (predominant Ig) (13.5 mg/mL in serum)
memory responses!
opsonization (binds pathogens and toxins to host cells!)
complement activation
antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
neonatal immunity
binds phagocytes vie Fc receptors
secondary/memory responses

2 binding sites

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9
Q

IgM

A

large immunoglobulin
mainly produced during primary immune response

blood only (1.5 mg/mL in serum)
first response to antigen
aggregates microbes and large antigens
complement activation
part of naive B cell antigen receptor

pentameric w J chain
10 binding sites

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10
Q

IgA

A

produced on body surfaces
responsible for defense of intestinal & respiratory tract

blood, milk, mucosal surfaces (tears, saliva, gut, lungs) (3.5 mg/mL in serum)
prevent entry of pathogens
mucosal immunity

monomeric form in serum
dimeric form has 4 binding sites

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11
Q

IgE

A

small quantities in serum
responsible for immunity to parasitic worms & allergies

blood and tissues (0.05 mg/mL in serum)
defend against helminthic/ectoparasites
allergy responses/immediate hypersensitivity
IgE + antigen complex activates mast cells and basophils to release vasoactive substances (histamine and serotonin)
2 binding sites

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12
Q

IgD

A

found on surface of immature lymphocytes

part of BCR

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13
Q

antigen

A

part of a pathgen/foreign molecule that is recognized by the immune system

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14
Q

antigen recognition

A 
soluble molecules (antibodies)
receptors for antigens are on B and T cells, these are antibodies
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15
Q

immunogen

A

substance that induces immune response when injected into a host

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16
Q

affinity

A

binding strength of an antibody for antigen

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17
Q

avidity

A

accumulated strength of multiple affinities of individual binding interactions

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18
Q

direct binding

A

antibodies recognize/bind exogenous antigens
resting b cell w Ig receptor -> encounter w antigen and binds -> stimulates B cell gives rise to antibody secreting plasma cells for beating out pathogen

19
Q

indirect binding

A

T cells recognize endogenous antigens using TCR

A. phagocytes w ingested microbes in vesicles (CD4+ effector T cells -> microbe) -> cytokine secretion -> a. Macrophage activation - killing of ingested microbes b. inflammation
B. infected cell w microbes in cytoplasm (bind to CD8+ T cells) -> kill infected cell!

20
Q

heteroantigen

A 
foreign to body
infectious agent (living or dead)
environmental antigens
pollens
chemicals/drugs
21
Q

alloantigen

A

tissues or cells from a genetically dissimilar member of same species

22
Q

xenoantigen

A

tissues derived from a differnet species

23
Q

autoantigen

A

self or hosts own tissue

24
Q

foreign

A

not self or related

25
Q

molecular size

A

at least >1000 Da or 1kDa

best immunogens are 100kDa or bigger

26
Q

complexity

A

complex glycoproteins w tertiary structure

not simple repeating polysaccharides, lipids or nucleic acids

27
Q

strutural stability

A

not easily degraded (toxins) but not inert (plastics, silicon implants, tattoo dyes)

28
Q

BEST ANTIGENS ARE

A

FOREIGN, COMPLEX AND LARGE

29
Q

properties of antigens that detemine potency

A

foreign, large (>1kDa), complex, stable, route of administration, amount of antigen, host genetic makeup

30
Q

epitope

A

discrete site on antigen
recognized by antibodies (host) or T cell receptors)
may involve elements of the primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure

also called antigenic determinants

31
Q

antibody and t cell receptors recognize different epitopes on

A

the same antigen

32
Q

viral antigens examples

A

Rabies virus’s immunodominant antigen

G glycoprotein spikes -> 400kDa has 16kDa immunodominant epitope

33
Q

bacterial antigens example

A 
Pilli (F antigens)
capsule (K)
cell wall (O)
flagellum (H)
gram negative -> LPS 
gram positive has more peptidoglycan
34
Q

haptens

A

small antigenic molecules that can bind to antibody but are NOT immunogenic
dont elicit immune responses unless BOUND to a carrier protein

ex: drugs, hormones, toxins (too small)
penicillin + albumin (carrier)

35
Q

major autoantigens of host cells

A

blood group antigens (erythrocytes)
major histocompatility complex
cluster of differentiation molecules (CD)

36
Q

MHC

A

expressed by all nucleated cells

imprtant for tissue recognition, transplantation medicine, antigen processing and presenting in adaptive immunity

37
Q

cluster of differnetiation molecules (CD)

A

molecules of biological function that define cell subsets

indentified by monoclonal antibodies

38
Q

immunoglobulin structure

A

antigen binding site w variable domains
hinge region
light chain
heavy chain

39
Q

biological effector functions of antibodies

A

mediated by the binding of the Fc region (tail/heavy chain):

  1. Fc receptors expressed by phagocytes, NK cells, Mast cells
  2. plasma proteins -> complement proteins
40
Q

IgY

A

immunoglobulin found in yolk

bird version of IgG (memory responses)

41
Q

antibodies can bind in

A

linear or conformational epitopes (folded

42
Q

multivalent antigens

A

w different epitopes - requires all different antibodies

w same epitope and antibody

43
Q

antibodies are flexible due to

A

hinge region of strucutre

can be widely or closesly spaced

IMMUNOLOGY VDMP817 (22 decks)

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