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Y2 T2 Geography 125 > Lecture > Flashcards

Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Movie Lecture on Human Overpopulation: “How Many People Can Live On Planet Earth”

A

. More then a billion people already have no access to clean drinking water
.Optimum population trust: Campaigns to lower birth rates
. 2.3 Billion added by middle of century= 9 billion
. Increase in population began in the 1800’s with the reduction of the death rates
. extending life by controlling disease
. 70% of earths surface is water
. 2.5 % is fresh
. 1% is accessible to humans
. half of worlds population will live in areas struggling to find water in 20 years
. cup of coffee takes 120 L of water
. hamburger 8000 L of water
. Synthetic fertilizer and mechanized processes tripled farmers yields
. Green Revolution: Norman Borlaug: High yielding drought resisting crops- 5 times the crop yield
. 85 Million barrels of oil used per day
. 70% worlds plants under threat of extinction
. William Reese Ecological Footprint: Global Hectares= - Equal dispersion 2 Hectares each
- Europeans(British on average 5 hectares)
- American 4 times their equal share
. Overshoot is the overpopulation expanded need which the natural environment cannot sustain
3 Ways to create sustainability:
1. Stop consuming so many resources
2. Upgrade our technology
3. Reduce population growth
. For birth rates to fall you do not need aggressive government action or incentives ex: education of women reduces birth rate

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2
Q

______ _______ created the green revolution

A

Norman Borlaug

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3
Q

_____ _____ created the ecological footprint/global footprint network

A

William Rees

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4
Q

as the per capita use of resources grows with population…

A

the per capita availability of ecologically productive area is declining

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5
Q

Ecological footprint

A

Productive land and ocean needed per person to supply her/his needs

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6
Q

If the whole world all had the same ecological footprint as Canadians

A

5 planets needed

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7
Q

Prevailing world-view

A

Techno-industrial society

  • founded on “cartesian dualism”
  • the artificial separation of mind and matter that sets humanity apart from nature
  • Modern humans objectify the “environment” as a social construct
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8
Q

5 Main Resources/Natural Capital

A

Air, Water, Soil. Energy, Minerals

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9
Q

Science

A

.systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it
.dynamic process of observation, testing, and dicovery
.the accumulated body of knowledge that results from this process

science is essential for sorting fact from fiction and developing solutions to the problems we face

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10
Q

The scientific process

A

.includes peer review,publication, and debate
.a consistently supported hypothesis becomes a theory, a well tested and widely accepted explanation
.with enough data, a paradigm shift - a change in the dominant view - can occur

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11
Q

environmental science is ____________

A

interdisciplinary

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12
Q

The lesson of Easter Island

A

culture annihilated by the destruction of their environment

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13
Q

_____ lifeforms present on Earth

A

30,000,000

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14
Q

Corals separated from their ______ ________ bodies are dead

A

calcium carbonate

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15
Q

gaia theory

A

that the earth is a living thing
proposes that organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet.

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16
Q

Organisms are alive when they are properly connected to their surrounding and corresponding ______

A

ecosystem

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17
Q

_____ and _____ are the most prevalent sedimentary rock types

A

dolomite and limestone

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18
Q

Ecosphere

A

.Both an open and closed system
-open because energy flows through
-closed because matter cycles within
.Both Abiotic and Biotic components

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19
Q

Earths systems Energy

A

.Solar energy the primary “Engine” for most essential processes
-exogenic(from outside) source
-roughly thwo-thirds of insolation is absorbed
-over 99.5% of energy in surface environment
.Geothermal energy
-endogenic(internal source)
-radiogenic(heat liberated)
.Gravity provides additional energy in the system

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20
Q

Ecosphere as a system

A

.Basic concept of an ecosystem

  • continual transfer of energy and matter
  • energy throughflow
  • matter moves in cycles
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21
Q

Capture of energy and uptake of nutrients

A

.Organic matter transformed from air, water and rock

  • requires energy
  • main source is insolation
  • captured through photosynthesis
  • carried out by autotrophs(producers)
  • is termed primary production
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22
Q

Photosynthesis produces organic matter

A

.Cloroplasts=where photosynthesis occurs

  • contain chlorophyll= a light-absorbing pigment
  • light reaction= splits water by using solar energy
  • calvin cycle= links carbon atoms from carbon dioxide into sugar(glucose)
23
Q

Geothermal energy also powers Earths systems

A

.Hydrothermal vents= host communities that thrive in high temperature and pressure on the ocean floor
-chemosynthesis= used chemical bond energy to produce sugar(carbohydrates)

24
Q

Release of energy and nutrients

A

.organic matter provides a source of energy
-released through respiration
-carried out by both autotrophs and heterotrophs
.Matter returned to the “abiotic”realms of air, water, and rock

25
Q

Cellular respiration releases chemical energy

A

.organisms use chemical energy from photosynthesis
.oxygen is used to convert glucose into water+caARBON DIOXIDE+ENERGY
.

26
Q

Decomposers

A

.saprovores
.also heterotrophic
.break down dead organisms and waste products

27
Q

food webs

A

interconnections

  • enable complex transfers
  • energy and materials

.Organisms occupy various trophic levels
-feeding levels

28
Q

energy,biomass, and numbers:

decrease at higher trophic levels

A

.most energy organisms use is lost as waste heat through respiration

  • less and less energy is available in each successive trophic level
  • each level contains roughly about 10% of the energy from past level
29
Q

Top 3 highest net primary production comes from _____(ecosystem)

Top 3 lowest npp comes from ______(ecosystem)

A
  1. algal beds and reefs, 2. Tropical Rainforest, 3. Swamp and Marsh
  2. desert and semi-desert shrub, 2. Open Ocean, 3. Tundra and alpine
30
Q

Cycling of matter

A

.Materials are altered and moved by a combination of physical,chemical, and biological processes
-movement/exchange between “storage pools” that serve as sources and sinks
-may include phase changes
-wide range in rates of flux and residence times
. The law of conservation of matter applies
.The primary cycles are: tectonic, water, rock

31
Q

The Primary cycles of matter are: Big picture, not specific element

A

tectonic, water(hydrological), and rock

32
Q

Biogeochemical nutrient cycles

A

.Nutrients exchanged along gaseous and sedimentary pathways
.involve biological processes in some or several ways
.Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

33
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

.Carbon is found in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, bones
.Photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition move carbon between organisms, and the atmosphere,hydrosphere, and geosphere
.The worlds oceans are the second largest reservoir of carbon
.Most carbon is locked up in lithosphere

34
Q

BIO–Geocehmical cycle

what is bio in there for?

A

Activity of organisms–

35
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

.Nitrogen is 78% of our atmosphere but N(2) gas is inert(not a usable form)
.Nitrogen fixation=Nitrogen gas is fixed(made into ammonia) by nitrogen-fixing bacteria
.Usable form= Ammonium Ions

36
Q

Nitrification and denitrification

A

.Nitrification= bacteria convert ammonium ions first into nitrite(NO2) ions then into nitrate

37
Q

Eutrophication

A

. The process of nutrient over-enrichment

  • blooms of algae
  • increased production of organic matter
  • and ecosystem degradation
38
Q

Extinction

A

.Paleontologists estimate 90% of all species are now extinct
. Background rate of extinction
-natural extinctions over time
-ex: 1 species out of 1,000 mammal and marine species become extinct
5 episodes of mass extinctions
mass extinction event # 6: Anthropocene

39
Q

Biggest island is ____

A

our planet itself

40
Q

Accelleration of human growth has resulted in

A

extinction of birds and mammals

41
Q

is human growth still exponential?

Yes or No?

A

YES

42
Q

5 Major causes of biodiversity loss

A 
.Overharvesting
.Habitat destruction
.Habitat fragmentation
.Invasive species
. Pollution

the combination of all of these things creates a compounding effect- synergistic

43
Q

overharvesting

A 
.exceeding rates of renewal
.direct use
.indirect use
.ecosystem simplification
-biological impoverishment
44
Q

Habitat destruction

A

elimination of natural biotic communities
.may consist of replacement with monocultures
A milder for involves alteration of ecological succession through changes to disturbance patterns
ex: changing fire frequency

45
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A 
. also called islandization
.external fragmentation
-loss from the edges
.Internal fragmentation
-incursions into interior of extensive habitats
46
Q

Invasive species

A 
Alien(exotic) species introductions
.deliberate
.unintentional
Adding "super competitors"
.food web disruption
47
Q

Beavers an invasive species in

A

argentina

48
Q

Pollution

A 
.addition of stressors/disturbances
ex: toxins, light, heat, noise
.Direct impacts
-mortality
.Indirect impacts
-alteration of habitats
-alteration of nutrient cycles
49
Q

Anthropocene

A

Species in growing jeapordy
-vulnerable, threatened, endangered
. Extirpation: loss from habitats within the range
. Extinction: species lost from global gene pool
-rates uncertain (10s, 100s, of species/day)
-potential losses(1/2 to 2/3rds in the 21st century)
.Decline in global biodiversity at all three levels
.impairment of ecological processes
.loss of renewable resource use opportunities

50
Q

Greater prairie chicken, sage grouse

A

extirpated in saskatchewan

51
Q

Increasing levels of peril

A

SARA categories:

.Threatened, Endangered, Extirpation, Extinction

52
Q

Global biodiversity hostpots

A

2.3% of land surface:
50% of plant species, 42% of terrestrial vertebrate species
-remember can be oceanic like coral reefs
-hotspots can be even more vulnerable as more is lost per capita
-latitudinal gradients: less species diversity as you move away from the equator

53
Q

Recognize that places with highest _____ are the areas with highest impact on earth.

A

highest population density

54
Q

______ has the least human impact on it, but still some

A

Antarctica

Y2 T2 Geography 125 (3 decks)

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