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Y2 T2 Geography 125 > After Midterm > Flashcards

After Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Atmosphere’s 4 layers

A

Troposphere-Blankets earths surface about 11km’s high

Stratosphere- extends from 11km to 50km asl

  • similar to troposphere except 1000 times dryer
  • includes the ozone layer from 17km-30km

Mesophere-50km to 85km

Thermosphere- Top layer extends to 500km
-100km is deemed the boundary between atmosphere and outer space as the Thermosphere gradually fades

TORONTO SUCKS MOST TIMES

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2
Q

tropopause

A

the point at which temperature stops declining with altitude

-acts like a cap, limiting mixing between the troposphere and stratosphere

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3
Q

environmental lapse rate

A

the rate at which temperature dicreases with height in the troposphere

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4
Q

ozone layer is between __km and __km and in the __________

A

17-30

stratosphere

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5
Q

The point at which the atmosphere ends and outerspace begins is around ___km leaving the final layer _______

A

100

Thermosphere

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6
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of air mass (3)

A

temp
atmospheric pressure
relative humidity

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7
Q

More then ___watts hits the upper atmos continuaouslly

__% is absorbed by atmos and planetary surface

A

1000

70

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8
Q

weather fronts

A

the boundary between air masses that differ in moisture content and temperature( and therefore density)
warm front: some of the air rises over the cold air mass and then cools and condences to form clouds that may produce light rain
cold front: colder drier air tends to wedge itself under the warm air making it rise and develop into thunderstorms
once cold air passes through the sky usually clears

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9
Q

warm front

A

warm front: some of the air rises over the cold air mass and then cools and condences to form clouds that may produce light rain

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10
Q

cold front

A

cold front: colder drier air tends to wedge itself under the warm air making it rise and develop into thunderstorms
once cold air passes through the sky usually clears

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11
Q

high pressure system

A

contains are that circulates away from a centre of high pressure as it decends
-typpically bring fair weather

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12
Q

low pressure system

A

air moves towards the low atmospheric pressure at the centre of the system and spirals upward
-the air expands and cools and clouds and precipitation often occur

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13
Q

Hadley cells

Ferrel Cells & Polar Cells

A

over the equator and results in arid(desert) conditions at 30 degrees latitude because of intense sunlight at the equator releasing all moisture

do the same thing in that at 60 degrees North they dump all moisture

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14
Q

Trade Winds and Westerlies

A

Trade winds move from east to west from equator to 30 degrees north and south
-the middle of them or where the S and N trade winds meet is called a doldrum and occures at the Intertopical Convergence Zone

Westerlies in the far North and south originate in the west and blow east

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15
Q

where the N and S trade winds meet and are deflected toward the west, just north and south of the equator, lies a region with little wind known as _______ and occurs in the ______ ______ _____

A

doldrums

intertopic convergence zone

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16
Q

Primary Pollutants

ex:

A

are emmited into the troposphere in a form that can be directly harmful or tht can react to form harmful substances
ex: soot and carbon dioxide

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17
Q

Secondary Pollutants

ex:

A

Harmful substances produced when primary pollutants interact or react with constituents of the atmosphere
ex:ozone, sulphuric acid

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18
Q

Environment Canada groups pollutants into 4 four categories

A

. criteria air contaminants

  • First to be listed as a concern
  • ex:sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide

. persistent organic pollutants

  • can last in environment for much longer periods
  • can travel great distances
  • ex:DDT, PCB’S

. heavy metals

  • can transported by air, enter water or food supply, and reside for long periods in sediment
  • can bioaccumulate and are poisonous
  • ex: Mercury, lead

. toxic air pollutants

  • “other” category that are known to be toxic
  • overlaps with other categories
  • most produced bby humans
  • ex:lead, mercury, asbestos
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19
Q

Monitoring shows that in Canada air pollution has decreased?

T OR F

A

T

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20
Q

most dramatic decrease in air polution sources is in atmospheric lead which has decreased by __%

A

97

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21
Q

scrubbers

A

chemically convert or physically remove airborne pollutants before they are emmited from smokestacks

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22
Q

two types of smog: _____ and ______

A

industrial(CO2) and photochemical(NO2)

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23
Q

airshed

A

geogrpahical area associated with a particular air mass

ex: weather promoting photochemical smog

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24
Q

_____ was the substance that was primarily associated with the discovery of ozone depletion

A

chlorofluorcarbons

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25
Q

Since the _______ protocal ozone depleting substance use has dropped by __%

A

Montreal

95

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26
Q

____ _____ is by far the most abundent naturally occuring greenhouse gas in the atmos and contributes most to natural greenhouse effect

A

water vapour

the higher the internal heat, the more water vapour that will be released into atmos making greenhouse gases worse

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27
Q

radiative forcing

A

the ammount of change in energy that a given factor causes

positive forcing warms the surface while negative cools it

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28
Q

Milankovitch cycles

A

changes in wobbling in earths axis , tilt of axis, and change in shape of ofEarths orbit around the sun lead to variations in insolation that are suffecient to trigger climactic changes such as periodic episodes of glaciation and interglaciation

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29
Q

thermohaline circulation

A

the movement of water through ocean currents affects temperature and climate

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30
Q

paleoclimate

A

climate in the geological past

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31
Q

proxy evidence

A

are types of indirect evidence that serve as proxies or substitutes for direct measurement and shed light on past climate
ex: growth rings on trees

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32
Q

by extracting ice cores from greenland and antarctica scientists can now go back in time ___ thousand years to look at climate history

A

800

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33
Q

stable isotope geochemsistry

A

allows for reaseachers to look at isotopes and the naturally occuring variations which demonstrates history of climate

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34
Q

We can respond to climate change in 3 distinct ways

A

mitigation
adaption
intervention(geoengineering)-scientists dont want to risk considering this
-would ither be by aiming to increase fluxes of greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere or to reduce incoming solar radiation

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35
Q

per person, the most industrialized nations use ___ times as much energy as the least industrialized

A

100

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36
Q

Net energy(energy return on investment)=______/______

A

Usable energy returned/energy invested

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37
Q

kerogen

peat

A

oil and natural gas precursor

precursor to coal

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38
Q

_____ coal is the highest grade of coal

A

anthracite(black metamorphic)-most compressed

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39
Q

Natural gas can arise from two processes

A
  1. ) Biogenic gas created at shallow depths by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by bactera
    - being used at dumps
  2. )Thermogenic gas from compresion of organic material accompanied by heating deep underground
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40
Q

hydraulic fracturing or fracking

A

involved pumping fluid(usually water) under high pressure into the rocks to crack them. Sand or small glass beads are injected to hold the cracks open once the water is withdrawn
-used to recover shale gas

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41
Q

hydraulic fracturing or fracking used to recover ____ gas

A

shale

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42
Q

oil accounts for / of total energy consumption

A

1/3

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43
Q

today our global society produces and consumes nearly ___L of oil each year for each living person

A

675

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44
Q

sour vs sweet crude

A

sour=lots of sulphur

sweet=less sulphur

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45
Q

petroleum trap

A

combination of a source rock, resevoir rock, and cap rock

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46
Q

Thermokarst

A

terrain associated with melting permafrost

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47
Q

we have already used up 1/3 of the worlds oil

T OR F

A

F=1/2

used 1.1 trillion barrels

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48
Q

with __ trillion barrels used, the remaining __ trillion will last us approximately __ years

A

1.1,1.7, 55

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49
Q

oil sands contain ______

A

bitumen

50
Q

oil shale vs. shale oil vs. Shale gas

A

oil shale: a sedimentary rock that contains abundant kerogen, organic precursor to oil and natural gas.

  • occurs when not deep enough to have become oil
  • mined by strip
  • can be burned like coaL

shale oil: the occurence of crude oil within the sedimentary rock shale
-secondary extraction used

Shale gas:Natural gas can be produced by fracking shale

51
Q

Methane Hydrate

A

huge potential as there is 20 times the ammount of it compared to natural gas from all other sources

  • generally found on ocean floor and underground arctic locations
  • no current feasible teachnique known of that can safely extract it yet.
52
Q

carbon capture and sequestration(CCS)

A

new technology for cleaning up carbon based fuel sources

53
Q

conventional alternative energy sources (3)

A

hydro,nucleur,Biomass

54
Q 
new renewables (4)
new account for more then \_\_% of energy consumption
A

Wind, Solar, Tidal, Geothermal

16

55
Q

two types of hydroelectric tech

A

Resevoir or Impoundment
-guarentees water flow
Run-of-River
-minimizes negative impacts on environment

56
Q

thermal pollution

A

when the temperature is increased causing damage to the environment

ex: hydroelectric dams

57
Q

define nucleur energy

the reaction that drives the release of nucleur energy within nucleur reactors of power plants is _______

A

is the energy that holds together protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom
-it is harnessed by releasing it and converting it to thermal energy

fission

58
Q

fission

A

the splitting apart of atom nuclei

  • the nuclei of a large heavy atom such as uranium or putonium are bombarded with neutrons causing them to break apart
  • can cause chain reaction with other atoms
59
Q

Uranium-___ is much more prevelent in nature and more effecient yet Uranium-___ is used much more often because it is less expensive, safer, and can hold a chain reaction better
Nucleur power is ___ times lower then fossil fuels combustion emissions

A

238
235

150

60
Q

fusion

A

the proccess which drives the sun’s vast output of energy and the force behind hydrogen or themonucleur bombs involves forcing together the small nuclei of lightweight elements under extremely high temperature and pressure

  • the current strategy of fusion is unusable as it uses more energy then it puts out
  • the need for “cold fusion”
61
Q

two main types of biofuels are

A

ethanol and biodeisel

62
Q

passive solar

A

built environment is manufacturd in order to promote maximum absorption of sunlight in winter
thermal mass in building materials is used to capture heat on hot days and store it until colder weather

63
Q

Active solar

A

make use of technological devices to focus, move, and store energy
ex: solar panels

64
Q

direct approach to producing electricity from sunlight involves _______(__)___ which collect sunlgiht and convert it to electrical energy

A

photovoltaic (pv) cells
.it occurs when light strikes one of a pair of metal plate in a PV cell, causing the release of electrons, which are attracted by electrostatic forces from the opposing plate
-flow of electrons from one plate to another creates an electrical current (direct, DC) which can be converted to alternating cureent(AC) and used for residences.
-one plate(N-type) is rich in electrons; other(P-type) is electron poor

65
Q

____ power is the fastest growing energy sector

A

wind

66
Q

3 types of traditional geothermal energy

A
  1. dry steam
  2. hot water
  3. Ground Source Heat/cooling Pumps
67
Q

ocean thermal energy conversion

A

the oceans sun warmed surface is higher in temperature then its deep surface and could provide heat

68
Q

Hydrogen Fuels

A

.still being researched, because of its great potential as it might hold the key to energy storage

  • use of fuel cells
  • renewable sources of energy can produce hydrogen for storage
69
Q

electrolysis

A

electricity is input to split hydrogen atoms from the oxygen atoms of water molecules

70
Q

gangue

A

the waste rock and nonvaluable minerals associated with ores are refered to as

71
Q

___ and ____ are the most commonly mined nonmetallic mineral resources

A

sand and gravel

72
Q

coltan(tantalum)

A

used in loads of electronics

-based out of the wartorn congo

73
Q

alloy

A

metalls melted and mixed with another metal or nonmetal substance
-ex: metal iron fused with carbon is steel

74
Q

__ different minerals are mined in Canada

A

60

75
Q

Types of Mining (5)

A
  1. Subsurface-Most dangerous
  2. Solution Mining ex:salt
  3. Strip Mining- mountaintop removal
  4. open pit
  5. Placer-river sifting for gold and coltan
76
Q

Stages of mining

A
  1. ) Exploration
  2. ) Mining and milling
  3. ) smelting and refining
  4. ) post-operational management, reclamation, and restoration

EAT MY SMELLY PENIS

77
Q

____ ____ _____ is considered the most significant environmental liability facing the mining industry in N.A

A

acid rock drainage

78
Q

slag

A

the solid remanant of smelting is a clinkery-looking susbtance called

79
Q

reserve

A

in the context of mineral resources, a reserve is that portion of the resource that is economically and legally mineable using current tech

80
Q

Beare Road pit in Rouge Park, Toronto

A

example of site reclamation

81
Q

since 1960 N.A waste generation has increased by ___%

A

300

82
Q

waste is devided into ( 4 ) categories

A
  1. Municipal Solid Waste-non liguified waaste that comes from homes, etc.
  2. Industrial
  3. Hazordous-solid or liquid waste that is toxic
  4. Waste water
83
Q

Three main types of Waste management

A
  1. Minimizing the ammount of waste we generate
  2. recovering waste materials and finding ways to recycle them
  3. disposing of waste safely and effectively
84
Q

Waste Management Hierarchy: 5

A 
Reduce-Most Desireable
Reuse
Recycle and Compost
Recover(Energy)
Residual Management and Disposal-Least Desireable
85
Q

____ even after recycling is the largest contributor to municipal solid waste

A

paper

86
Q

white goods

A

thrown away old durable goods that still are good just for new ones

87
Q

__ million tonnes of waste produced in Canada in 2010

A

25

88
Q

Hazardous Waste 4 categories

A
  1. Flammable
  2. Corrosive
  3. Reactive
  4. Toxic
89
Q

3 disposal methods for hazourdous waste that do nothing to lessen the hazards but they do help keep the waste isolated from people

A
  1. Secure Landfills
  2. Surface Impoundments(ponds) for liquid or particulate waste (not ideal)
  3. Deep-well injection(long term)-litterally injecting waste deep into the ground(idiotic)
90
Q

total number of synthetic chemicals in industrial use probably exceeds ______

only about __% have been tested for harmful effects

A

100,000

10

91
Q

teratogens

A

toxicants that affect the development of embryos in the womb and cause birth deffects

92
Q

in ____ Canada became the first country to declare ______ _ as dangerous substance

A

2008, bisphenol A

93
Q

difference between biomagnification or bioaccumulation and bioconcentration?

A

bioconcentration is for terrestrial environments

94
Q

pesticide drift

A

airborne transport of pesticides

95
Q

threshold dose

A

sometimes no response is see untik a certain dose is exceeded
or
sometimes responces increase with dose until a certain point
or
the point at which possitive effects change to negative

96
Q

synergistic effects

A

when two or more chemicals combine to have negative health effects

97
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

Takes a human-centered view of our relationship with the environment, denying and ignoring the notion that non-human entities can have rights and measures the costs and benefits of actions solely according to their impact on people

98
Q

Biocentrism

A

ascribes values to actions, entities, or properties on the basis of their affects on all living things or on the integrity of the biotic realm in general.

99
Q

Ecocentrism

A

judges actions in terms of their benefit or harm to the integrity of whole ecological systems, which consits of biotic and abiotic elements and the relationships among them.

100
Q

transcentatalism

A

a movement during the industrial revolution that saw nature as a direct manifestation of god and despised what they saw as an obsession with material things

101
Q

preservation ethic

A

believes that we should maintain the natural environment in a pristine unaltered state.
-Muir

102
Q

conservation ehtic

A

should put natura resources to good use but also have the responsability to manage them wisely
-Pinchot

103
Q

Land ethic

A

view the the land and humans as part of the same community

Leopold

104
Q

deep ecology

A

holistic movement resting on principles of “self realization” and biocentric equality

105
Q

Ecofeminism

A

arguement that nature is suppressed in the same manner as women

106
Q

types of economy(2)

A
  1. Subsistence-all directly from nature

2. Capitalist Market Economy

107
Q

Ecological Economics

A

takes a holistic view of the linkages between environment and economy, applying the principles of ecology to the study of economics
-believe that economics should include long term thinking and a recognition that unsustainable practices cannot be sustsained by technological advancements

108
Q

Environmental Economics

A

traditional economics that pays particular attention to valuing environmental goods and services and giving credit for actionas taken on behalf of the environment
-agrees that current practices are unsustainable if population growth and current resource use continues but beieve our current economic system can be sustained while fixing these issues

109
Q

natural resource accounting

A

which seeks mechanisms by which to incorporate the economic asset values of natural resources into national accounting systems.

110
Q

GPI

A

Genuine Progress Indicator

-includes regular economic profile of GDP but adds non-monetary positives and negatives that are associated

111
Q

contingent valuation

A

uses surveys to determine how much people are willing to pay to protect a resource or to restore it after damage has been done
-also includes how much compensation would be needed for this resource being used

112
Q

global value for ecosystem services is approximately ___ trillion per year

A

145

113
Q

3 challenges of environmental policy

A
  1. ) protect resources and environmental quality, especially in the context of resources that are commonly owned
  2. )to deal with the equitable distribution of resources and access to resources
  3. )to manage downstream environmental costs and costs that are not internalized by the market and to ensure that those costs are distributed equitably
114
Q

Environment policy was really kicked up a notch in the 19__-19__

A

60’s-70’s

115
Q

State-of-the-Environement-Reporting

Used to answer 5 key questions

A

refers to the collection,organization,and reporting of information that can be used to measure and monitor changes in the environment and in processes or factors that have impacts on the environment over time

  • reported using “indicators”
  • began with our common future report in 1987
    1. )What is happening in the environemtn?
    2. )why is it happening?
    3. )why is it significant?
    4. )what is being done about it
    5. ) Is this response sustainable
116
Q

chapter __ in NAFTA is the one that has the ability to undermine environmental policy because they could be seen as barriers to international free trade

A

11

117
Q

command-and-control

A

top-down policy

  • has done alot for the environment
  • fails if policy isnt clear and objectives properly explained
  • Canada generally avoids this type of approach
  • alternatives are market oriented, generally economically related (subsidies,taxes,permit trading,etc.)
118
Q

environmental primacy

A

the idea that the other to factors(social and economic) both are dependent upon the environment in sustainability
-“strong sustanability”

119
Q

Sustainable Development Goals- there are __ of them

A

17

120
Q

9 strategies for sustainability

A
  1. ) Engage politically and excersize our power as consumers
  2. ) rethink economic growth and quality of life
  3. ) stabilize population
  4. ) encourage the development of green tech
  5. )mimic the natural systems by promooting closed loop industrial proccesses
  6. ) think in long term
  7. )enhance local self-effeciency, yet embrace some aspects of globalization
  8. )use systems thinking to find holistic solutions
  9. )promote research, education, and awareness

Y2 T2 Geography 125 (3 decks)

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