Lecture Flashcards
What are the 4 dimensions of stress?
The 4 dimensions of stress:
- positive vs. negative events
- uncontrollable and unpredictable
- ambiguous events that you can’t make sense of
- college stress aka cognitive overload
Can we adapt to stress?
short term vs. long term stress
We can adapt to stress up to a certain point. Short-term stressors are easier to adapt to because the stress will eventually lift.
What is the physiological/psychological ways to reduce stress?
you can face it and NOT ignore it
you can find new strategies to help adapt
Why do Vulnerable populations have a harder time adapting to stress?
Because they have less resources, can’t complain, and have lack of control.
T or F: Anticipated stress is as stressful as the event itself
True – anticipated stress is just as stressful
What are the after-effects of stress (cognitive costs)?
After-Effects of Stress → Cognitive Costs
- exhausted and drained
- poorer problem solving
- less likely to help others
- helplessness (motivational problems)
- failure to learn new responses – immobilized
T or F - when you are stressed, you are more likely to help others.
False
How is “coping” defined?
Coping -
• just a set of responses which interact with the person and environment
T or F: Personality has nothing to do with stress and coping style.
False - pessimistic people tend to be more negatively affected, leading to poorer ways to coping with stressors.
What are the 2 different Coping Styles?
Which one works best for which situations?
Avoidant (passive) - best for Short Term situations
Confrontational (active) - best for Long Term situations
What are the 2 different Coping Strategies?
Emotion focused orientation - regulate and monitor my emotional experience
Problem-solving oriented - playing chess with my problems; no emotional anchor
What are the 4 areas of Social Support?
4 areas of SOCIAL SUPPORT:
1• emotional support: reassurance, nurturance
2• informational support: someone helps to solve problem that I don’t know
3• tangible assistance: material support such as services and goods (tools to fix or a service to fix my car)
4• appraisal support: helping to understand a person a problem better; helping to Make Sense of a situation
How well does Social Support Work?
It works as a MODERATING variable and as a Direct effect by:
• reducing psychological distress o reducing depression • lowering likelihood of illness • speeding up recovery • reducing mortality
When does social support NOT work?
If the support is controlling or directive (controlling parents)
Langer’s article about Patient Empowerment found what about nursing home individuals?
Langer introduced CHOICES to see if it would increase their happiness.
The intervention group was told they have influence over their own lives and told them they were Responsible for their own lives.
They got to choose the plants, movies; etc.
What’s the difference between Chronic and Terminal illness?
Chronic illness affects millions of people, but they don’t necessarily have a death sentence like those who are diagnosed with Terminal illness.
What is the total number of Chronic Ailments in the US?
140 billion
How do people cope with Chronic ailments?
If someone feels their environment is CONTROLLABLE, it is a huge factor for coping.
They also need to feel a Realistic Sense that they aren’t dying.
What are some frustrations or problems with chronic ailments?
- Rehab - people have a hard time with their physical problems
- Side Effects of medication
- Adherence to a new regimen
- Using unproven remedies with no info about side effects or interactions with western medications
- Cognitive impairment - stressors pile on and the more meds you take, the more impaired you get.
What are some problems faced with Terminal illness?
- When should you stop treatment?
- Should you go to a hospice when giving up on medication?
- Euthanasia - should they be able to make their own decision?
How might the life of someone who has terminal illness, be affected?
- patients should adjust to where they’re at with their disorder (dying, ill, idea of no longer being who you were; etc)
- self-concept – how patients present themselves to family and community
- pure rejection of social support – saying goodbye to the patient and patient pushes them away;
• disengagement/withdraw of social world ¬–
o steve jobs – watched endless hours of tv
• problems with communications
o physical and mental; don’t know how to talk to each other
T or F: The federal government has the most impact on health agencies.
False - State and Local health officials have most impact
Reyes syndrome, TSS, and MADD were all legislations under what group?
Special interest groups
T or F: Reporters are the enemy of health institutions and politicians.
False - reporters need special interest groups to narrate a story for them so it’s important to have a positive relationship between politicians and groups.
What are the 4 types of narratives that the Press tells?
o Fire alarm story – deadly outbreaks (tuberculosis), high risk once believed to be mundane (drinking coffee is fine; once in a blue moon there are stories about coffee “killing you”)
o Breakthroughs – cures, progress of things (HIV vaccine)
o Controversies – health labeling issues (creatine was added to protein powders because of Conseco – it is a derivative of steroids)
o Human Interest stories – personal stories; case studies of people down on their luck or mistreated by the healthcare system; Christmas holiday time has most Human Interest stories
What is the role of the NIH?
NIH – Decentralized, research grants; doesn’t pursue emergencies and not reactive for “sensational” emergencies; they don’t make recommendations
What is the role of the FDA?
FDA - evaluations for drug trials;
What is the role of the CDC?
CDC conducts lab work for disease outbreaks; training;
CDC will React to emergencies (to outbreaks); react to health crisis; technical assistance; provides Guidance
What is the role of the Surgeon General ?
Surgeon General – honorary position; role doesn’t mean much – they just spread information to the masses; used to run the public health service;
Visibility – they talk to media
What is the role of the Assistant Secretary of Health?
Assistant Secretary of Health–
Public health regulations; animal; medical check-ups; pro-life vs. pro-choice stuff; overlooks to make sure things are being implemented when they should be implemented
T or F: The Surgeon General verifies whether health laws are being implemented.
False - the assistant secretary of health monitors things that are meant to be implemented - the surgeon general is more of a visible factor for the media.
In the U.S, how many people are living with HIV?
How many are unaware?
1.2 million ppl with HIV
1 out of 8 are unaware
What percentage of people don’t know they have HIV?
13%
How many new cases of HIV occur each year?
44, 000 (2014) - 50,000 people
How many deaths per year are attributed to HIV?
13,000 deaths per year due to HIV
How many people have died so far due to HIV in the US?
673,000 people have died as of 2013
What is the function of antiretroviral drugs?
The drugs find the virus that are hiding and keeps it from replicating
T or F: HIV is ONLY blood-borne, so you can’t get it from kissing.
True - it’s only blood-borne; usually spread through tears in the bumhole.
T or F: HIV incidences are going down finally due to all the targeted advertisements.
False - HIV and gonorrhea is going up in Gay males
How many families in the US are affected by HIV/Aids?
1 out of 346 families
How many people WORLDWIDE have AIDS/HIV?
37 million people
How many orphans are there in Africa due to parents dying of AIDS?
16 million babies are being orphaned in Africa
Where does Type 2 HIV affect most?
How did come about?
Type 2 HIV affects mostly West Africa -
Mangabey monkeys carried about SIV
Where does Type 1 HIV affect most?
Type 1 HIV affects ppl mostly in U.S and worldwide
When did Type 1 HIV emerge? Where?
HIV Type 1 emerged in 1884 – 1924 in Kinshasa; a city in Congo by Gabong in Africa
How did Type 1 HIV come about?
How does it spread?
Monkeys carrying viruses: chimps, gorillas, mangabey; trapped and kept animals as pets, used them as trade and food; ingested Bush Meat – the SIV altered itself genetically and became HIV
o How it’s spread – Sex acts, sharing blood products, railway system exposed more people to virus (1940s)
When was the earliest AIDS case?
1959 was Earliest AIDS case - sample of blood from AA male in Kinshasa and we are still using his blood to test
When and Where was HIV noted officially in a journal article?
How many people were reported?
The MMWR (mortality/morbidity weekly report) published information from the CDC, on June 5th 1981 (6/5/81)
There were 5 young homosexual men treated for HIV.
100 years ago, how were homosexuals getting off so they wouldn’t be caught?
Oral sex mostly - it was quick and easy; safer than intercourse.
What is the relevance of June 1969?
NYC Stonewall Riots - police tried to “clean house” at the gathering of gay men, and they were NOT having it.
They piggy-backed their civil movement off the black panthers, womens movement; etc.
What is the relevance of June 5th 1981?
This is when the MMWR published info about 5 young homosexual males with HIV
What type of lifestyle were homosexuals in the 1970s like?
They were ANTI-heterosexual lifestyle, so they rejected Monogamy.
Who found out that HIV is actually blood-borne?
Ajerbach
Curpan
Darrow
Jaffee
T or F: The annual number of new HIV diagnoses declined by 14%.
False - it declined by 19%
Heterosexual contact accounts for what percentage and number of estimated HIV diagnoses?
Heterosexual contract accounted for 24% (10,500) of estimated HIV diagnoses
Women account for how much estimated HIV diagnoses?
What are diagnoses among women attributed to?
Women accounted for 19% (8,000) of estimated HIV diagnoses.
Diagnoses among women are primarily attributed to heterosexual contact (87% or 7,000) or injection drug use (13%, or 1,000)
An estimated _________% (#) of HIV diagnoses attributed to injected drug use
An estimated 6% (2,635) of HIV diagnoses attributed to injected drug use
HIV/AIDS statistics in 2014:
Worldwide, ___ million new cases of HIV in 2014
An estimated ____ million people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2014
Worldwide, 2 million new cases of HIV in 2014
An estimated 1.2 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2014
Since 2000, around _____ million people have died of AIDS-related illnesses
Since 2000, around 25.3 million people have died of AIDS-related illnesses
What does amal nitrates do?
opens up the nose and the bum
In 1983, a cluster analysis case showed what?
The cluster analysis case showed patients linked by the disease and showed it could viral
When was AIDS marked as a disease?
1984 - marked as disease
When was commercial testing by FDA done for AIDS meds?
1985
What was introduced to the market in 1987?
AZT - people still died at the same rate though
When did anti-retro viral meds make its debut?
In the late 1990s - HAART (highly active retroviral therapies)
When did they start focusing on AIDS studies on women?
In 1993
What is PrEP?
It supposed to reduce risk of HIV by 44%
Why was AIDS activism successful?
Social Disruption exercises made people pay attention.
How much was the federal spending for HIV in 1990?
In 1990 - federal spending exceeded 1.6 BILLION - far more than all of the cancer research which was only 1.5 billion
What was the main criticism of AIDS activism?
Their focus was mostly on treatment and not preventative.
What is a behavioral technology?
It is utilized to manipulate people really…
What is the foundation of Social Ecology?
The foundation is the Behavior Setting - the setting dictates how we act.
What is the average age of death in US for f/m?
females - 84
males - 81
What is self-concept according to lecture?
self-concept is how we PRESENT ourselves to everyone else
T or F: The federal government health officials have most impact on health.
Lies ! It all starts at the local and state government.
Narrative of the press:
Describe Fire Alarm Story.
Fire alarm story – deadly outbreaks (tuberculosis), high risk once believed to be mundane (drinking coffee is fine; once in a blue moon there are stories about coffee “killing you”)
Narrative of the press:
Describe Breakthrough Story.
cures, progress of things (HIV vaccine)
how do we describe social ecology?
it is a person x environment interaction
what is the FOUNDATION of social ecology?
behavior settings - it dictates how we act
what is behavior objects?
physical and human components within a specific setting
T or F: everyone is replaceable when looking through the scope of Social Ecology
true - there’s a role that can be filled (i.e., marelich can be replaced w another prof).
