Lecture 5 - Vaccines

Question 1

what is the most common type of antibody?

Answer 1

IgG

Question 2

why is IgG the most common antibody?

Answer 2

IgG is the most stable and simple structure

Question 3

2 measures of binding strength?

Answer 3

1. affinity
2. avidity

Question 4

what is affinity?

Answer 4

measure of binding strength at a single binding site

Question 5

what is avidity?

Answer 5

measure of total binding strength

Question 6

affinity and avidity of IgM vs IgG

Answer 6

IgM has higher avidity but lower affinity

Question 7

what is Ig class switching?

Answer 7

factors in B cell environment (like cytokines) allow Ig to switch btwn diff classes

Question 8

2 reasons why we don’t have vaccines for everything?

Answer 8

1. money
2. some viruses/pathogens can evade immune system

Question 9

why is there no HIV vaccine?

Answer 9

HIV mutates too much

Question 10

what is an adjuvant?

Answer 10

added in vaccines to improve immune response in ppl receiving the vaccine

causes more local reactions (pain, swelling, redness)

Question 11

type of adjuvant?

Answer 11

aluminum salt

Question 12

why do we get boosters?

Answer 12

to induce increased secondary antibody response

Question 13

when is the secondary response worse than the primary?

Answer 13

Dengue virus

Question 14

4 types of vaccines?

Answer 14

1. attenuated/weakened virus
2. inactivated virus
3. inactivate part of pathogen
4. RNA/DNA

Question 15

describe Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy carriers

Answer 15

asymptomatically sits in respiratory tract, sinuses, and nasal cavity

Question 16

what does streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

Answer 16

community-acquired pneumonia

Question 17

describe the pneumococcal vaccine

Answer 17

uses purified polysaccharide with immunogenic adjuvant to be a CONJUGATED VACCINE

Question 18

humoral vs cell-mediated immunity

Answer 18

humoral = antibodies for extracellular pathogens

cell-mediated = immune cells attack infected cells, cancers, transplant tissue

Question 19

what is mucosal immunity?

Answer 19

immunity at the site of infection

Question 20

what is the BCG vaccine for?

Answer 20

TB

Question 21

how was the BCG vaccine made?

Answer 21

used virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis from cow with tuberculosis mastitis

Question 22

other effects of the BCG vaccine?

Answer 22

can help protect from other infections

Question 23

why does the BCG vaccine help with other infections?

Answer 23

goes into bone marrow to induce trained immunity!

Question 24

what is trained immunity?

Answer 24

epigenetic modifications of stem cells so innate immune cells become better trained to fight infection

Question 25

describe CAR-T-cell therapy

Answer 25

present antigen to naive CTL to activate it so it can kill cancer cells

Question 26

what does “CAR” stand for?

Answer 26

chimeric antigen receptor