Lecture 5 - Urinary system & Inguinal canal Flashcards
What is the pelvic inlet?
Demarcated by pelvic brim from promontory of the sacrum, arcuate and pectineal lines, to superior margin of the pubic symphysis
What is the function of the kidneys?
- Elimination of toxic metabolites through urine, regulation of blood homeostasis of blood pressure, production of some hormones
Where are the kidneys found?
- retroperitoneal
- at each side of the vertebral column, covered by adipose tissue
- span from T12 to L3
What are the anatomical relations of the kidneys?
- superior & posterior relations same for both kidneys
- difference in anatomical relations between sides on anterior side
Where is the hilum in the kidneys?
Anterior to posterior renal vein & renal artery, ureter (duct)
What is the blood supply in the kidneys?
Renal arteries from aorta at L1/2
What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?
Renal veins into inferior vena cava (IVC)
What are the renal zones?
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
Describe the flow of urine through the kidneys and how it travels to the ureter
Renal pyramids –> renal papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter
What is the nephron?
The functional units of the kidneys
What are the 2 parts of the nephron?
renal corpuscle & renal tubule
What does the renal corpuscle?
Renal corpuscle filters blood (in cortex)
What does the renal tubule do?
Renal tubule converts filtrate into urine (in medulla - pyramids)
What is the blood supply of the suprarenal glands (adrenal glands)?
Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries
What is venous drainage in the suprarenal glands (adrenal glands)?
- Right suprarenal vein into IVC
- Left suprarenal vein into renal vein
What are features of the adrenal cortex?
- stimulate masculinization (androgens)
- mineral balance in blood (aldosterone)
- glucose metabolism (cortisol)
What does the adrenal medulla do?
Involved in the fight or flight response (epinephrine & norepinephrine)
What are features of the ureters?
Muscular tubes that carries urine from kidney (renal pelvis) to urinary bladder
- 25-30cm long, half in abdomen, half in pelvis
- Retroperitoneal, travels on psoas major muscle
- potential sites of constriction
What is the urinary bladder?
Muscular sac on pelvis
What are the 5 parts of the urinary bladder?
- Apex
- Body
- Fundus
- Trigone
- Neck
What is the trigone?
Triangular region between the opening of the uterus and the urethra
What is the detrusor muscle?
On internal surface
What is the inguinal canal?
Short oblique passageway formed from muscle and their aponeruoses
Follows the INGUINAL LIGAMENT (from anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to pubic tubercle)
What is the entrance of the inguinal canal?
Deep inguinal ring - around midpoint inguinal ligament
What is the exit of the inguinal canal?
Superficial ring - above pubic tubercle
What is the roof of the inguinal canal formed by?
Transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles
What is the anterior wall of the inguinal canal formed by?
Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
What is the floor of the inguinal canal formed by?
Inguinal ligament
What is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal formed by?
Transversalis fascia
What are the contents of the inguinal canal?
- ilioinguinal nerve
- genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
- spermatic cord/round ligament of the uterus
Describe the formation of the Processus vaginalis
Processus vaginalis (peritoneal outpouching) forms in anterior abdominal wall, guided by gubernaculum
Describe the formation of the spermatic cord
Testes descend - through inguinal canal, surrounded by the same fascial layers of the abdominal wall. This completes the formation of the spermatic cord.
Describe the formation of the round ligament of the uterus
Ovaries descend - into pelvic cavity to become associated with uterus. Only remaining structure passing through through the inguinal canal is the round ligament of the uterus (remnant of gubernaculum)
What are the 3 layers of the spermatic cord?
- External spermatic fascia
- Cremasteric muscle and fascia
- Internal spermatic fascia
What is the external spermatic fascia derived from?
External oblique aponeruosis
What is the cremasteric muscle and fascia derived from?
Internal oblique muscle and aponeurosis
What is the internal spermatic fascia derived from?
Transversalis fascia
What is the contents of the spermatic cord?
- structures in inguinal canal to and from testes
- begins at deep inguinal ring
contents:
- vas deferens
- testicular artery
- testicular veins (pampiniform plexus)
- lymphatics
- autonomic nerves
- genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (innervates cremaster muscle)
