Lecture 5 Thinking Religion in the Modern World

Question 1

What are the 3 complications of fides quaerens intellectum?

Answer 1

1. christian reformation movements
2. new science / nova scientia
3. impoverishment of traditional philosophical speculation on divine matters

Question 2

christian reformation movements were critical of the use of what?

Answer 2

of philosophy in discussions of God and creation

Question 3

Who mocked Aristotle and favored experience, and then subordinating everything to the gospel

Answer 3

martin luther

john calvin

Question 4

what are the oppositions between philosophy and the gospel

Answer 4

1. sinful nature of man
2. impotence of philosophy
3. God would teach his truth by inspiration to all

Question 5

Why did Martin luther and john calvin become critical of philo of religion?

Answer 5

1. you subject faith to reason (w/c is corrupted)

2. When dealing w/ beliefs, you have to belive FIDEISM

Question 6

What is Fideism?

Answer 6

• faith is independent of reason
• our reason is incapable of describing our faith
• our faith can only be attained by INSPIRATION

Question 7

luther and calvin say that the only way to learn about god is by?

Answer 7

experience

Question 8

Who founded Nova Scientia?

Answer 8

Francis Bacon’s Novum Organum

Question 9

Faith grounded on scriptires said that the earth is the center of the universe

Answer 9

condemnation of galileo

science found tha tmost of the results go against religious reason

Question 10

How is traditional philosophical speculation on divine matters impoverished?

Answer 10

• tendency to legislate upon doctrines and dont think of the divine
• theology was reduced to cannon law

Question 11

What does Ens Realissimum mean

Answer 11

God of the philosophers

Question 12

Modern thinkers affirmed the existence of God

Answer 12

true

Question 13

Religion of john locke and george berkeley

Answer 13

anglicans

Question 14

Religion of

nicolas malebrance, antoine arnauld, blaise pascal

Answer 14

roman catholics

Question 15

Religion of

G.W. Leibniz

Answer 15

Lutheran

Question 16

Religion of

Jonathan Edwards

Answer 16

puritan notion of utter dependence of all things on God

Question 17

Religion of

Thomas hobbes

Answer 17

Theist

Question 18

Modern period is characterised by 2 questions:

Answer 18

1. Is it reasonable to belive in God?

2. If it is reasonable, then what kind of God should we believe in?

Question 19

2 kinds of theology in the modern period:

Answer 19

1. revealed theology

2. natural theology

Question 20

It is the kind of theology wherein God reveals himself and we have the grace to accept it (faith)

Answer 20

Revealed theology

Question 21

A kind of theology wherein God is independent of faith and what he says of himself.
Relies on human reason to justify your acts of believing

Answer 21

Natural theology

Question 22

Who says “there is no proff that will convince the non believer, while believer needs no proof”?

Answer 22

Pascal

Question 23

Natural theology which deals with proofs of existence, arose during which period?

Answer 23

Modern Period

Question 24

2 categories of traditional proofs (natural theology):

Answer 24

1. deduction (a priori)

2. induction (posteriori)

Question 25

Who outlined 4 ways of assesing the value of deductive arguments?

Answer 25

George Mavrodes

Question 26

What was the book of George Mavrodes?

Answer 26

Belief in God

Question 27

What are the 4 ways of assessing the value of deductive arguments?

Answer 27

1. validity 2. soundness 3. cogency 4. convincing

Question 28

an assessment with formal structure of argument | conclusion would be true if premises are true

Answer 28

validity

Question 29

an assessment where the argument is valid and the premises are true

Answer 29

soundess

Question 30

an assessment where an argument that is sound and is known by someone to be sound

Answer 30

cogency

Question 31

an assessment where an argument is cogent and can be known to be cogent by someone on grounds that are independent of the conclusion of the argument

Answer 31

convincing always person relative

Question 32

What are the 4 classes of arguments for God's existence?

Answer 32

1. ontological 2. cosmological 3. teleological 4. moral

Question 33

This argument shows that the very concept of God implies his existence

Answer 33

ontological argument

Question 34

Who was a proponent of the ontological argument? book?

Answer 34

St. anselm of canterbury | Proslogion

Question 35

How does anselm define God?

Answer 35

- that which nothing greater can be concieved | - it's greater to exist also in reality than just in the understanding

Question 36

Who objected to Anselm saying that his proof demonstrates that anything can exist?

Answer 36

Gaunilo but Anselm argues that God is a NECESSARY being

Question 37

Who objected to Anselm saying that existence is not a property which a thing may or may not have in varying degrees

Answer 37

Immanuel Kant

Question 38

Is the ontological argument a priori or posteriori?

Answer 38

a priori

Question 39

Argument that says that God is the ultimate cause. | -the existence of god is from the consmos or the universe

Answer 39

Cosmological argument

Question 40

cosmological argument is also called?

Answer 40

first-cause argument

Question 41

Is cosmological argument a priori or posteriori?

Answer 41

poseteriori

Question 42

Who are the proponents of the cosmological arguments?

Answer 42

Plato & Aristotle St. Thomas Aquinas & Duns Scotus 20th Century: Richard Taylor & Richard Swinburne

Question 43

What is the form of argumentation of the cosmological argument?

Answer 43

There exists a necessary being which is the ultimate cause of the existence of contingent beings.

Question 44

Which kind of argument is a kind of cosmological argument because its starting point is that the universe is a cosmos/ an orderly universe?

Answer 44

Teleological universe

Question 45

Teleological argument is also referred to as?

Answer 45

The argument from design

Question 46

Which argument is only based on probabiliy?

Answer 46

Teleological argument

Question 47

Who are the proponents of the Teleological argument?

Answer 47

St. Tomas Aquinas William Paley 20th century: Richard Taylor, FR Tennant, Richard Swinburne

Question 48

According to Aquinas, what are the 2 features that imply design?

Answer 48

1. order | 2. virtue

Question 49

According to william paley, God is the...

Answer 49

watch maker

Question 50

What is the form of argumentation of the teleological argument?

Answer 50

Nature is probably the work of a designer.

Question 51

What theory under the teleological argument argues that evolution is not a result of undirected, random natural selection but by an intelligent cause?

Answer 51

Theory of intelligent design

Question 52

Which argument has an appeal on the conscience?

Answer 52

Moral Argument

Question 53

What remains the voice of god amongst us? | -basis of the objectively binding rules

Answer 53

Conscience

Question 54

Like the teleological argument, this is also probabilistic..

Answer 54

moral argument

Question 55

Who is the main proponent of the moral argument?

Answer 55

Kant | CS Lewis in Mere Christianity

Question 56

What are the objectively binding rules?

Answer 56

God's teachings

Question 57

What is the form of argumentation of the moral argument?

Answer 57

Probably there is a God

Question 58

What are the 2 objections to the moral argument? (there are objectively binding moral obligations)

Answer 58

1. Cultural relativism | 2. Emotivism

Question 59

Which moral objection interprets moral obligation in terms of social approval and that morality is a products of human culture?

Answer 59

cultural relativism

Question 60

Which moral objection arises when a person says that an act is wrong, but the peron is only expression her individual emotion about the act?

Answer 60

Emotivism

Question 61

What are the 5 types of beliefs in god based on beliefs on major world religions?

Answer 61

1. polytheism 2. henotheism 3. monotheism 4. pantheism 5. panentheism

Question 62

what is polytheism?

Answer 62

the belief that there exists a plurality of personal gods

Question 63

what is henotheism

Answer 63

it recognizes a pluraitly of gods, but restricts allegiance to one god

Question 64

wat is monotheism?

Answer 64

belief that only one God exists

Question 65

what is pnatheism?

Answer 65

god is identical w/ nature or with the univvers as a whole

Question 66

what is panentheism?

Answer 66

god is not identical with the universe but must be seen as including the universe

Question 67

what are the 6 types of beliefs in god based on philosophical systems and positions?

Answer 67

1. dualism 2. deism 3. absolute monism 4. agnosticism 5. atheism 6. naturalism

Question 68

what is dualism?

Answer 68

it is the plurality of two gods opposed to each other

Question 69

what is deism?

Answer 69

belief in one god, but does not involve himself in his creation

Question 70

what is absolute monism?

Answer 70

god is an absolute unity manifested in a less fully real world

Question 71

what is agnosticism?

Answer 71

truth of God's existence cannot be known and hence one suspends judgement on this question

Question 72

what is atheism?

Answer 72

actual denial of god's existence

Question 73

what is naturalism?

Answer 73

atheism positively expressed

Question 74

Among theistic religions, what is the common agreement to God's nature?

Answer 74

God is supposed to be worthy of worship, the supreme object of religious devotion

Question 75

God is considered to be (3)

Answer 75

1. omnipotent 2. omniscient 3. morally perfect or all good

Question 76

What are the 5 things God is said to be?

Answer 76

1. infinite 2. necessary being 3. personal being 4. eternal 5. immutability

Question 77

What are the 2 ways of understanding God as a necessary being?

Answer 77

1. god is logically necessary | 2. God is self-existent

Question 78

Being ______, God has no body and is just pure spirit.

Answer 78

omnipresent

Question 79

For true faith to be grounded, it must have an _______ of what it believes in

Answer 79

UNDERSTANDING

Question 80

Blind faith is or is not true fait

Answer 80

is not