Lecture 5 Thinking Religion in the Modern World Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 complications of fides quaerens intellectum?

A
  1. christian reformation movements
  2. new science / nova scientia
  3. impoverishment of traditional philosophical speculation on divine matters
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2
Q

christian reformation movements were critical of the use of what?

A

of philosophy in discussions of God and creation

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3
Q

Who mocked Aristotle and favored experience, and then subordinating everything to the gospel

A

martin luther

john calvin

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4
Q

what are the oppositions between philosophy and the gospel

A
  1. sinful nature of man
  2. impotence of philosophy
  3. God would teach his truth by inspiration to all
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5
Q

Why did Martin luther and john calvin become critical of philo of religion?

A
  1. you subject faith to reason (w/c is corrupted)

2. When dealing w/ beliefs, you have to belive FIDEISM

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6
Q

What is Fideism?

A
  • faith is independent of reason
  • our reason is incapable of describing our faith
  • our faith can only be attained by INSPIRATION
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7
Q

luther and calvin say that the only way to learn about god is by?

A

experience

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8
Q

Who founded Nova Scientia?

A

Francis Bacon’s Novum Organum

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9
Q

Faith grounded on scriptires said that the earth is the center of the universe

A

condemnation of galileo

science found tha tmost of the results go against religious reason

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10
Q

How is traditional philosophical speculation on divine matters impoverished?

A
  • tendency to legislate upon doctrines and dont think of the divine
  • theology was reduced to cannon law
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11
Q

What does Ens Realissimum mean

A

God of the philosophers

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12
Q

Modern thinkers affirmed the existence of God

A

true

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13
Q

Religion of john locke and george berkeley

A

anglicans

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14
Q

Religion of

nicolas malebrance, antoine arnauld, blaise pascal

A

roman catholics

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15
Q

Religion of

G.W. Leibniz

A

Lutheran

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16
Q

Religion of

Jonathan Edwards

A

puritan notion of utter dependence of all things on God

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17
Q

Religion of

Thomas hobbes

A

Theist

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18
Q

Modern period is characterised by 2 questions:

A
  1. Is it reasonable to belive in God?

2. If it is reasonable, then what kind of God should we believe in?

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19
Q

2 kinds of theology in the modern period:

A
  1. revealed theology

2. natural theology

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20
Q

It is the kind of theology wherein God reveals himself and we have the grace to accept it (faith)

A

Revealed theology

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21
Q

A kind of theology wherein God is independent of faith and what he says of himself.
Relies on human reason to justify your acts of believing

A

Natural theology

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22
Q

Who says “there is no proff that will convince the non believer, while believer needs no proof”?

A

Pascal

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23
Q

Natural theology which deals with proofs of existence, arose during which period?

A

Modern Period

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24
Q

2 categories of traditional proofs (natural theology):

A
  1. deduction (a priori)

2. induction (posteriori)

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25
Q

Who outlined 4 ways of assesing the value of deductive arguments?

A

George Mavrodes

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26
Q

What was the book of George Mavrodes?

A

Belief in God

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27
Q

What are the 4 ways of assessing the value of deductive arguments?

A
  1. validity
  2. soundness
  3. cogency
  4. convincing
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28
Q

an assessment with formal structure of argument

conclusion would be true if premises are true

A

validity

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29
Q

an assessment where the argument is valid and the premises are true

A

soundess

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30
Q

an assessment where an argument that is sound and is known by someone to be sound

A

cogency

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31
Q

an assessment where an argument is cogent and can be known to be cogent by someone on grounds that are independent of the conclusion of the argument

A

convincing

always person relative

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32
Q

What are the 4 classes of arguments for God’s existence?

A
  1. ontological
  2. cosmological
  3. teleological
  4. moral
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33
Q

This argument shows that the very concept of God implies his existence

A

ontological argument

34
Q

Who was a proponent of the ontological argument? book?

A

St. anselm of canterbury

Proslogion

35
Q

How does anselm define God?

A
  • that which nothing greater can be concieved

- it’s greater to exist also in reality than just in the understanding

36
Q

Who objected to Anselm saying that his proof demonstrates that anything can exist?

A

Gaunilo

but Anselm argues that God is a NECESSARY being

37
Q

Who objected to Anselm saying that existence is not a property which a thing may or may not have in varying degrees

A

Immanuel Kant

38
Q

Is the ontological argument a priori or posteriori?

A

a priori

39
Q

Argument that says that God is the ultimate cause.

-the existence of god is from the consmos or the universe

A

Cosmological argument

40
Q

cosmological argument is also called?

A

first-cause argument

41
Q

Is cosmological argument a priori or posteriori?

A

poseteriori

42
Q

Who are the proponents of the cosmological arguments?

A

Plato & Aristotle
St. Thomas Aquinas & Duns Scotus
20th Century: Richard Taylor & Richard Swinburne

43
Q

What is the form of argumentation of the cosmological argument?

A

There exists a necessary being which is the ultimate cause of the existence of contingent beings.

44
Q

Which kind of argument is a kind of cosmological argument because its starting point is that the universe is a cosmos/ an orderly universe?

A

Teleological universe

45
Q

Teleological argument is also referred to as?

A

The argument from design

46
Q

Which argument is only based on probabiliy?

A

Teleological argument

47
Q

Who are the proponents of the Teleological argument?

A

St. Tomas Aquinas
William Paley
20th century: Richard Taylor, FR Tennant, Richard Swinburne

48
Q

According to Aquinas, what are the 2 features that imply design?

A
  1. order

2. virtue

49
Q

According to william paley, God is the…

A

watch maker

50
Q

What is the form of argumentation of the teleological argument?

A

Nature is probably the work of a designer.

51
Q

What theory under the teleological argument argues that evolution is not a result of undirected, random natural selection but by an intelligent cause?

A

Theory of intelligent design

52
Q

Which argument has an appeal on the conscience?

A

Moral Argument

53
Q

What remains the voice of god amongst us?

-basis of the objectively binding rules

A

Conscience

54
Q

Like the teleological argument, this is also probabilistic..

A

moral argument

55
Q

Who is the main proponent of the moral argument?

A

Kant

CS Lewis in Mere Christianity

56
Q

What are the objectively binding rules?

A

God’s teachings

57
Q

What is the form of argumentation of the moral argument?

A

Probably there is a God

58
Q

What are the 2 objections to the moral argument? (there are objectively binding moral obligations)

A
  1. Cultural relativism

2. Emotivism

59
Q

Which moral objection interprets moral obligation in terms of social approval and that morality is a products of human culture?

A

cultural relativism

60
Q

Which moral objection arises when a person says that an act is wrong, but the peron is only expression her individual emotion about the act?

A

Emotivism

61
Q

What are the 5 types of beliefs in god based on beliefs on major world religions?

A
  1. polytheism
  2. henotheism
  3. monotheism
  4. pantheism
  5. panentheism
62
Q

what is polytheism?

A

the belief that there exists a plurality of personal gods

63
Q

what is henotheism

A

it recognizes a pluraitly of gods, but restricts allegiance to one god

64
Q

wat is monotheism?

A

belief that only one God exists

65
Q

what is pnatheism?

A

god is identical w/ nature or with the univvers as a whole

66
Q

what is panentheism?

A

god is not identical with the universe but must be seen as including the universe

67
Q

what are the 6 types of beliefs in god based on philosophical systems and positions?

A
  1. dualism
  2. deism
  3. absolute monism
  4. agnosticism
  5. atheism
  6. naturalism
68
Q

what is dualism?

A

it is the plurality of two gods opposed to each other

69
Q

what is deism?

A

belief in one god, but does not involve himself in his creation

70
Q

what is absolute monism?

A

god is an absolute unity manifested in a less fully real world

71
Q

what is agnosticism?

A

truth of God’s existence cannot be known and hence one suspends judgement on this question

72
Q

what is atheism?

A

actual denial of god’s existence

73
Q

what is naturalism?

A

atheism positively expressed

74
Q

Among theistic religions, what is the common agreement to God’s nature?

A

God is supposed to be worthy of worship, the supreme object of religious devotion

75
Q

God is considered to be (3)

A
  1. omnipotent
  2. omniscient
  3. morally perfect or all good
76
Q

What are the 5 things God is said to be?

A
  1. infinite
  2. necessary being
  3. personal being
  4. eternal
  5. immutability
77
Q

What are the 2 ways of understanding God as a necessary being?

A
  1. god is logically necessary

2. God is self-existent

78
Q

Being ______, God has no body and is just pure spirit.

A

omnipresent

79
Q

For true faith to be grounded, it must have an _______ of what it believes in

A

UNDERSTANDING

80
Q

Blind faith is or is not true fait

A

is not