Lecture 5: Tetrapods and Human Evolution

Question 1

Craniates are:

Answer 1

Chordates
With a HEAD
ex- Hagfish

Question 2

Vertebrates are:

Answer 2

Chordates
Craniates
With a BACKBONE
ex- Lamprey

Question 3

Gnathostomes are:

Answer 3

Chordates
Craniates
Vertebrates
With JAWS

Question 4

Osteichthyans are:

Answer 4

Chordates
Craniates
Vertebrates
Gnathostomes
With LUNGS/SWIM BLADDERS

Question 5

Lobe-fins are:

Answer 5

Chordates
Craniates
Vertebrates
Gnathostomes
Osteichthyans
With LOBE FINS - have rod shaped bones projecting into fins
ex- Coelacanth

Question 6

Tetrapods are:

Answer 6

Chordates
Craniates
Vertebrates
Gnathostomes
Osteichthyans
Lobe fins
With 4 LIMBS & 5 DIGITS

Question 7

What kind of Tetraods exist today?

Answer 7

Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Mammals

Question 8

Define fishapod

Answer 8

Part fish, part tetrapod

ex- Tiktaalik

Question 9

Name four ways humans are bipedal

Answer 9

1. Foramen Magnum is beneath skull to keep heads upright (hole that connects to spinal cord)
   
   • > chimps tilted backwards
2. Spine has lumbar curve - pulls our body weight over our pelvis
   
   • > chimps pull forwards
3. Iliac blades of pelvis tilted inwards to support internal organs and allow balance on one foot
   
   • > chimps have flat iliac blades
4. Feet designed to bear weight - not grasping branches
   
   • > chimps have shorter femurs