Lecture 5 : Responding to drugs: Prevention, Treatment and supply control Flashcards
What are the different levels of drug distribution according to law enforcement/supply side interventions?
(Timer Diagram)
growers
smugglers
high-level dealers
mid-level dealers
retailers
consumers
So from the different levels of drug distribution what sentencing factors links with each ?
growers - Source-country control
smugglers - Interdiction
high-level dealers/mid-level dealers - High-level domestic enforcement
retailers - Retail enforcement
consumers - Criminalisation of drug use or possession
What are the 3 theories behind criminalizing drug use?
Deterrence: general and specific
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Because Portugal in 2001 possession of any drugs for personal use has not been a crime - What has happened with the deaths from drugs ?
So From 2001, Reduction of people dying as of drugs
What country had the highest prevalence of cannabis use among young adults in 2018?
France had the highest prevalence
What are the effects of supply side interventions on the drug market
+ risks = + higher price = - lower consumption
(higher risk and higher price)
What does the Risk and Price Model (Reuter & Kleiman 1986) suggest about the conventional costs of drugs?
2 things about cost and risk
Conventional cost (production, manufacturing) are low and
Compensation for risk
How does increased risk of imprisonment affect drug prices according to the Risk and Price Model?
+ risk of imprisonment = + compensation
Increased risk of imprisonment leads to increased compensation
How do drug users actually respond to changes in drug prices?
Contrary to the common misconception, drug users are responsive to changes in the price, indicating some elasticity of demand.
ARE RESPONSIVE
What is The elasticity of demand
Elasticity of the demand: how much consumption of a good changes (in %) in response to a 1% increase in the price.
how much people will cut back or increase their buying of something when the price changes
How does the intensity of drug enforcement affect drug prices and consumption?
The intensity of drug enforcement increases, there is initially a significant effect on increasing drug prices and reducing drug use.
What significant event in opium production occurred in Afghanistan in 2001?
In 2001, there was a dramatic reduction in opium production in Afghanistan due to the Taliban’s enforcement of a ban on poppy growing
What country reported the highest quantity of heroin seizures among the countries shown in the most recent data?
Turkey reported the highest quantity of heroin seizures
What 3 adaptations do traffickers make in response to drug interdiction efforts?
Shift in routes
Modes of transportation
Techniques for hiding
What are the two contrasting strategies of retail enforcement
(Just need to know the 2)
Covert Enforcement: Uses discreet methods like undercover operations and surveillance technology.
Brazen Enforcement: Uses overt tactics to visibly deter crime, similar to a bait ball’s visibility in the ocean.
What are risk factors that increase the likelihood of drug use around family?
Being from a single parent family
What are protective factors that decrease the likelihood of drug use around family?
Spending time with parents is a protective factor that decreases the likelihood of drug use.
What are secondary interventions in drug prevention?
avoid escalating of regular drug use
What are some examples of drug prevention strategies used in schools?
Resistance skills
Unbiased info about drugs
Good behaviour game
what is the Health and social services for drug users designed to do
Services designed to change the behaviours of users, with the aim of benefitting them
What are the main goals of health and social services for drug users?
Abstinence of drug use
Reducing amount/frequency of use
Changing other behaviours (criminal activity, needles sharing, etc)
and distinguishing between detox and treatment approaches.
What is Opioid Substitution Therapy and its benefits?
Target heroin users
Orally administered methadone
x2 more likely to quit heroin use
+ likely of gaining an employment
- criminal activity
- risk of transmitting infectious disease
What are Needle Exchange Schemes and their impact?
Target heroin users
Obtaining new needles at little or no costs
Change the injection of opioids (10% HIV because of heroin injection)
Limited evidence that they can reduce infectious diseases
