Lecture 5 : Responding to drugs: Prevention, Treatment and supply control

Question 1

What are the different levels of drug distribution according to law enforcement/supply side interventions?

(Timer Diagram)

Answer 1

growers
smugglers
high-level dealers
mid-level dealers
retailers
consumers

Question 2

So from the different levels of drug distribution what sentencing factors links with each ?

Answer 2

growers - Source-country control

smugglers - Interdiction

high-level dealers/mid-level dealers - High-level domestic enforcement

retailers - Retail enforcement

consumers - Criminalisation of drug use or possession

Question 3

What are the 3 theories behind criminalizing drug use?

Answer 3

Deterrence: general and specific
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation

Question 4

Because Portugal in 2001 possession of any drugs for personal use has not been a crime - What has happened with the deaths from drugs ?

Answer 4

So From 2001, Reduction of people dying as of drugs

Question 5

What country had the highest prevalence of cannabis use among young adults in 2018?

Answer 5

France had the highest prevalence

Question 6

What are the effects of supply side interventions on the drug market

Answer 6

+ risks = + higher price = - lower consumption
(higher risk and higher price)

Question 7

What does the Risk and Price Model (Reuter & Kleiman 1986) suggest about the conventional costs of drugs?
2 things about cost and risk

Answer 7

Conventional cost (production, manufacturing) are low and
Compensation for risk

Question 8

How does increased risk of imprisonment affect drug prices according to the Risk and Price Model?

Answer 8

+ risk of imprisonment = + compensation
Increased risk of imprisonment leads to increased compensation

Question 9

How do drug users actually respond to changes in drug prices?

Answer 9

Contrary to the common misconception, drug users are responsive to changes in the price, indicating some elasticity of demand.

ARE RESPONSIVE

Question 10

What is The elasticity of demand

Answer 10

Elasticity of the demand: how much consumption of a good changes (in %) in response to a 1% increase in the price.

how much people will cut back or increase their buying of something when the price changes

Question 11

How does the intensity of drug enforcement affect drug prices and consumption?

Answer 11

The intensity of drug enforcement increases, there is initially a significant effect on increasing drug prices and reducing drug use.

Question 12

What significant event in opium production occurred in Afghanistan in 2001?

Answer 12

In 2001, there was a dramatic reduction in opium production in Afghanistan due to the Taliban’s enforcement of a ban on poppy growing

Question 13

What country reported the highest quantity of heroin seizures among the countries shown in the most recent data?

Answer 13

Turkey reported the highest quantity of heroin seizures

Question 14

What 3 adaptations do traffickers make in response to drug interdiction efforts?

Answer 14

Shift in routes
Modes of transportation
Techniques for hiding

Question 15

What are the two contrasting strategies of retail enforcement

(Just need to know the 2)

Answer 15

Covert Enforcement: Uses discreet methods like undercover operations and surveillance technology.

Brazen Enforcement: Uses overt tactics to visibly deter crime, similar to a bait ball’s visibility in the ocean.

Question 16

What are risk factors that increase the likelihood of drug use around family?

Answer 16

Being from a single parent family

Question 17

What are protective factors that decrease the likelihood of drug use around family?

Answer 17

Spending time with parents is a protective factor that decreases the likelihood of drug use.

Question 18

What are secondary interventions in drug prevention?

Answer 18

avoid escalating of regular drug use

Question 19

What are some examples of drug prevention strategies used in schools?

Answer 19

Resistance skills
Unbiased info about drugs
Good behaviour game

Question 20

what is the Health and social services for drug users designed to do

Answer 20

Services designed to change the behaviours of users, with the aim of benefitting them

Question 21

What are the main goals of health and social services for drug users?

Answer 21

Abstinence of drug use
Reducing amount/frequency of use
Changing other behaviours (criminal activity, needles sharing, etc)

and distinguishing between detox and treatment approaches.

Question 22

What is Opioid Substitution Therapy and its benefits?

Answer 22

Target heroin users
Orally administered methadone
x2 more likely to quit heroin use
+ likely of gaining an employment
- criminal activity
- risk of transmitting infectious disease

Question 23

What are Needle Exchange Schemes and their impact?

Answer 23

Target heroin users
Obtaining new needles at little or no costs
Change the injection of opioids (10% HIV because of heroin injection)
Limited evidence that they can reduce infectious diseases