Lecture 10 : Drug-related violence

Question 1

What is Goldstein’s (1985) Tripartite Framework?

Answer 1

Psychopharmacological
Economic Compulsive
Systemic

Question 2

What is Goldstein’s (1985) Tripartite Framework?

Answer 2

Goldstein claimed that the three models in the framework should be thought of as ‘ideal types’ or as ‘hypothetically concrete’

Question 3

What is the Psychopharmacological model in Goldstein’s Tripartite Framework?

Answer 3

Violence due to intoxication or withdrawal.

Question 4

What is the Economic-Compulsive model in Goldstein’s Tripartite Framework?

Answer 4

Drug users commit acquisitive crimes to obtain money to buy drugs.

Question 5

What is the Systemic model in Goldstein’s Tripartite Framework?

Answer 5

Violence is intrinsic to involvement with illicit substances and the drug distribution system.

Question 6

What is a major critique of Goldstein’s framework according to Parker and Auerhan (1998)?

Answer 6

Framework based on assumptions that are not testable and do not explain the mechanisms linking crime with drug use.

Question 7

What is missing in Goldstein’s framework according to Parker and Auerhan (1998)?

Answer 7

No rigorous discussion of how the three models interact.

Question 8

Which drug has the highest total connection with various crimes according to Bennett and Holloway (2009)?

Answer 8

Heroin

Question 9

How does gang-related violence in Europe compare to that in the USA?

Answer 9

European gangs exhibit a wide pattern of violent behavior and levels of violence greater than non-gang youth, but less serious than in the USA.

Question 10

What was the effect of the police crackdown on the Danish cannabis market?

Answer 10

Led to a surge in homicides over the subsequent five years as people competed to become new distributors.

Question 11

What is the County Lines model in drug distribution?

Answer 11

Drug dealers expand their business from urban areas into smaller, rural, or seaside towns.

Question 12

What is cuckooing in the context of County Lines?

Answer 12

Taking advantage of vulnerable people by gaining access to their home to use it as a base. Residents are offered incentives or are threatened.

Question 13

What are the three ways in which County Lines has been prone to scapegoating according to Spicer (2020)?

Answer 13

Gang talk
Middle-class cocaine users
Late-stage prohibition

Question 14

What is notable about substance dependence among women in prison according to Fazel et al. (2006)?

Answer 14

Women in prison are 2-4 times more likely to be alcohol dependent and 13 times more likely to be drug dependent compared to the general population.

Question 15

What are the four hypotheses regarding alcohol and intimate partner violence (IPV)?

Answer 15

Cognitive Distortions: Alcohol impedes communication between family members.

Deviance Disavowal: Alcohol is used as an excuse for violence.

Pharmacological: Alcohol causes disinhibition.

Biopsychosocial: Combined influence of developmental, alcohol-related, individual, and contextual factors.

Question 15

What did Grace et al. (2019) find about the use of Spice in prison?

Answer 15

Many users of Spice in prison stop using the drug when released.

This suggests that Spice is well-suited for prison life, meaning the prison context needs to be carefully considered when understanding the popularity of the drug.

Question 16

What are four possible reasons for the relationship between substance use and IPV?

Answer 16

Psychopharmacological effects

Economically motivated

Substance use exacerbates other problems (e.g., mental illness)

Relationship is spurious or mediated by a third variable

Question 17

What are the three pathways through which drug market violence enters the home according to Stitt and Auyero (2018)?

Answer 17

Invasion – dealers enter people’s homes to look for those who owe them money

Protection – to stop individuals from stealing everything in their home to pay for drugs

Preemption – violence is used to discipline children as a means of trying to keep them safe