Lecture 5 - Prominent Theories 2

Question 1

What are the intergroup theories of prejudice & discrimination

Answer 1

Social identity theory
Relative deprivation theory
Realistic Conflict Theory

Question 2

Give a definition of social identity and want people fundamentally want according to this theory

Answer 2

Definition: the aspect of our self-concept that is derived from our group memberships
People want to fundamentally:
- Achieve and maintain a positive social identity
- Distinguish our own social groups from other social groups

Question 3

Who wrote about social identity theory

Answer 3

Tajfel

Question 4

True or false: the self can be put on a continuum with the self as a distinct individual on one end and the embodiment of a social collective on the other end

Answer 4

True

Question 5

True or false: the minimal group paradigm is part of social identity thoery

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Explain the Klee vs Kandinsky manipulation

Answer 6

Minimal groups study done by Tajfel
- Divided people into meaningless groups (Klee vs Kandinsky)
- Participants were asked to distribute ‘money’ to other participants, they were only given ID and group information
- Result: people favoured their own group

Question 7

What is self-categorization and identity salience

Answer 7

People could strategically put themselves into different groups and that feeds into their identity
Self-categorization —> social identity

Question 8

Explain how self-categorization is situational and give some examples

Answer 8

Identity depending on your context, goals etc. - flexibility to achieve distinctiveness and positivity
EX:
- when voting you’ll focus on being a Canadian citizen
- in a lecture hall, you’ll focus on being a student

Question 9

When are people more likely to cling to their identities

Answer 9

When they are threatened
EX: it would not be unlikely for people to increase the importance of their American identity after 9/11

Question 10

What is being described here: people want to strike a balance between their group identities and their personal identities

Answer 10

Optimal distinctiveness theory

Question 11

What are common displays of optimal distinctiveness theory

Answer 11

Advertisement campaigns

Question 12

Explain the two end of the distinctiveness continuum

Answer 12

Not distinct enough (social group end): lack individuality, too constraining
Too distinct (individual end): stigma, not included, undesirable deviant

Question 13

What is the self-esteem hypothesis

Answer 13

Self-esteem is linked to group identity: if your group is stigmatized, self-esteem may work in the opposite direction because you are internalizing the discrimination which leads to repercussions to the self

Question 14

What is Basking in Reflected Glory and give an example

Answer 14

It’s an implication of the self-esteem hypothesis
Definition: celebrating ingroup’s success as your own, but derogating following failure
EX: students are more likely to wear college apparel after a football win than a loss

Question 15

How does derogating outgroups increase self-esteem

Answer 15

Play up the positivity of your own group and play up the negativity of the other group
Series of events: Derogate outgroup of equal or lower standing than you-> increased relative standing for ingroup -> more positive social identity -> increased self-esteem

Question 16

Fill in the blank: _____ self-esteem ______ the tendency to discriminate against outgroups.
Explain how this related to psychodynamic theory

Answer 16

Lowered, increases
Relation to psychodynamic theory: letting out your frustrations/psychodynamic tensions toward another group

Question 17

What is relative deprivation

Answer 17

The belief that one is getting less than they deserve relative to other people or groups and some other standard like the past or some expectations

Question 18

According to relative deprivation theory, we are more likely to compare ourselves against people who are…..

Answer 18

Similar, relevant and proximal

Question 19

How does relative deprivation arise

Answer 19

We perceive a discrepancy between desired outcome and actual outcome and we have a belief that the discrepancy is undeserved

Question 20

What makes people believe that a discrepancy is undeserved?

Answer 20

A perceived lack of:
- Distributive justice: rewards & costs are justly allocated
- Procedural justice: fairness of procedures for distributing rewards & costs

Question 21

Explain the ‘Occupy’ movement as distributive justice

Answer 21

Relative deprivation because of the amount by which the CEOs are getting paid more

Question 22

Explain the ‘Occupy’ movement as procedural justice

Answer 22

The rich avoid paying taxes and they use their money to purchase influence

Question 23

What are the consequences of relative deprivation

Answer 23

Emotions: discontent, frustration, resentment
Hostility toward perceived source of deprivation

Question 24

Fill in the blank: ____ deprivation is more relevant to prejudice than ____ deprivation

Answer 24

Group, personal

Question 25

Which of the statements would be a better predictor of prejudice and why: 1. Most people believe that immigrants have personally taken away one of their jobs 2. Most people believe that immigrants have taken away jobs from Americans like them as a whole

Answer 25

Statement 2 because the emphasis is on group deprivation

Question 26

What was the main takeaway when participants rated the extent to which they felt that Black and White people experienced discrimination for each 5 decades

Answer 26

If your group is becoming the target, the other groups must be doing better -> zero-sum belief

Question 27

Which of the conditions appears more threatening to White people: 1. Equality-Enhancing Condition: Several banks propose increasing the total amount of mortgage loans to Latino homebuyers by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loans funding to White homebuyers 2. Status Quo Condition: Several banks propose not changing mortgage loans funding over the next year

Answer 27

Equality-enhancing because changing the relative gap was seen as harmful

Question 28

Among the Rattlers, which condition is seen as more harmful considering that they received more bonuses (126) than the Eagles (79) in previous weeks 1. Win-Win: 50 more bonuses to the Eagles, 5 more bonuses to Rattlers 2. Lose-Lose: 50 fewer bonuses to the Eagles, 5 fewer bonuses to the Rattlers

Answer 28

Win-Win was more harmful

Question 29

True or false: people would prefer increasing intergroup inequality and get fewer rewards for their own group than decrease intergroup inequality and get more rewards for their own group

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Prioritizing relative differences across groups was not consistently related to things like:

Answer 30

Explicit racial preferences, SDO, political orientation

Question 31

What is realistic conflict theory

Answer 31

Intergroup prejudice & discrimination arises from conflicting goals & competition over limited resources

Question 32

True or false: Robbers Cave was is an example of realistic conflict theory

Answer 32

True

Question 33

According to realistic conflict theory, when is intergroup prejudice amplified

Answer 33

The relationship between groups is perceived as “zero-sum” - zero-sum = both groups cannot win There is objective and perceived resource scarcity

Question 34

What is the relationship between economic recessions and prejudice

Answer 34

People are more restrictive in who belongs to their group since you’re being deprived; you have less resources so you’re going to be less lenient in who to share these resources with

Question 35

Match the words: Social identity theory - relative deprivation theory - realistic conflict - mere ingroup/outgroup - competition - victimized ingroup

Answer 35

Social identity theory - mere ingroup/outgroup Relative deprivation theory - victimized ingroup Realistic conflict theory - competition