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ABS - Biochemistry > Lecture 5 - Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides? (7)

A
  1. energy metabolism (ATP)
  2. enzyme cofactors (NAD+)
  3. signal transduction (AMP)
  4. storage of genetic information (DNA)
  5. Transmission of genetic information (mRNA)
  6. catalysis (ribozymes)
  7. protein synthesis (tRNA and rRNA)
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2
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

a nitrogenous base with a pentose and phosphate moiety attached to it

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3
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

a nitrogenous base with a pentose attached (no phosphate)

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4
Q

What is a base?

A

a nitrogenous base attached

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5
Q

What does a prime(‘) indicate?

A

it indicates that they are associated with the sugar referring to the carbons on that sugar molecule

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6
Q

When is a molecule ribose?

A

when there is a hydroxyl group associated on the two prime (OH)

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7
Q

When is a molecule deoxyribose?

A

when the 2’ prime OH group is not there, instead there is a hydrogen atom

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8
Q

A 5’ hydroxyl occurs on a?

A

nucleoside

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9
Q

A 5’ phosphate occurs on a ?

A

nucleotide

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10
Q

What is the charge of a phosphate group at neutral pH?

A

negative

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11
Q

Nucleic acids are built using what?

A

5’-triphosphates

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12
Q

how many phosphate moieties does nucleic acids contain per nucleotide?

A

one

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13
Q

If the OH goes to the right, what is its configuration?

A

D

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14
Q

What are the two forms that pentose exist in solution?

A
  1. linear

2. cyclic

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Nucleobases? (4)

A
  1. derive from pyrimidine or purine
  2. nitrogen containing heteroaromatic molecules
  3. planar or almost planar structures
  4. absorb UV light around 250- 270 nm
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16
Q

In pyrimidine bases, cytosine is found only in?

A

both RNA and DNA

17
Q

In pyrimidine bases, thymine is found only in?

A

DNA

18
Q

In pyrimidine bases, uracil is found only in?

A

RNA

19
Q

In purine bases, adenine and guanine are found in?

A

both rna and dna

20
Q

What other name is the first carbon prime referred to as?

A

anomeric

21
Q

In nucleosides and nucleotides, the pentose ring is attached to the base via an?

A

N-glycosidic bond

22
Q

The bond in a B-N-Glycosidic molecule is fomed to: (2)

A
  1. to position N1 in pyrimidines

2. to position N9 in purines

23
Q

anti conformation is found in?

A

normal B-DNA

24
Q

5-methyldeoxycytidylate is common in ___ and found in ___

A

eukaryotes; bacteria

25
Q

How does a epigenetic marker work in prokaryotes?

A

it is a way to mark your own DNA so that cells can degrade foreign DNA

26
Q

What is epigenetic marker: negative regulation in eukaryotes?

A

ways to mark which genes should be active

27
Q

Pseudouridine is found widely in?

A

tRNA and rRNA

28
Q

In polynucleotides, covalent bonds are formed via?

A

phosphodiester linkages with a negatively charged backbone

29
Q

DNA backbone is ___ while rna backbone is ____

A

stable; unstable (mrna will degrade in a few hours)

30
Q

Why is RNA less stable than DNA?

A

the presence of the 2’ hydroxyl group is the difference between the two

31
Q

What is RNase?

A

an enzyme that will catalyze the hydrolysis, do if it’s hydrolyzing then RNase can activate the water molecule and nail the nucleophile

32
Q

characteristics of the Watson Crick Model of B-DNA

A
  1. double stranded dna structure
  2. right handed helix
  3. 10.5 base pairs per turn
  4. minor groove = 3.4 A
  5. major groove = 36 A
33
Q

How does your protein read the nucleotide sequence of your DNA?

A

by slipping into the major groove; the protein will hydrogen bond to the sequence that it is suppose to read; the kd will dictate how well it binds, the greater the affinity the more it’s going to bind

34
Q

Complementarity of DNA strands: (3)

A
  1. two chains differ in sequence
  2. two chains are complementary
  3. two chains run anti-parallel
35
Q

what is polycistronic?

A

coding for one or more protein

36
Q

what is messenger RNA?

A

it is a code carrier for the sequence of proteins

37
Q

mRNA is synthesized during?

A

DNA template

38
Q

mRNA contains: (3)

A
  1. ribose instead of deoxyribose
  2. uracil instead of thymine
  3. single strand
39
Q

what is tRNA?

A

matching amino acids with the mRNA code

ABS - Biochemistry (7 decks)

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