Lecture 5 - Genes and Chromosomes Flashcards
Mendel studied garden pea plants for two reasons:
- a large variety were available
2. can self-pollinate (“self”) or cross the peas
what does breed true mean?
the physical appearance remains the same through multiple generations
What is Mendel’s 1st law?
each particle segregates equally into the games
egg and sperm
Describe alleles of a gene from Mendel’s proposal
each adult pea has two particles for each character studied
non sex chromosomes are called?
autosomes
How many chromosomes per do humans have?
46 chromosomes; 44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes
RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template during?
transcription
Viruses are able to make RNA and DNA using RNA as a template in?
reverse transciption
Proteins are synthesized based on the info stored in?
stored in ribonucleotide triplets in RNA
During ____, one strand of double stranded DNA acts as a molecular template for RNA synthesis
transcription
During ____, the triplets of nucleotides in mRNA are matched with corresponding amino acids via ___
translation; triplets of tRNA
triplets are also referred to as ____;
codons; each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins
viral genomic dna may be associated with?
capsid proteins
Prokaryotic DNA is associated with proteins in the?
nucleoid
eukaryotic DNA is organized with proteins into a complex called?
chromatin
introns in _____ interrupt mainly tRNA sequences
bacterial chromosomes
Introns in _____ interrupt protein - coding sequences
phage genomes within bacteria
some sequences called ___, can move around within the genome of a single cell
transposons
What are telomeres?
cap the ends of linear chromosomes and are needed for successful cell division
what are centromeres?
functions in cell division; that’s where two sister chromatids are held together during mitosis
DNA in the cell must be organized to allow: (2)
- packing of large DNA molecules within the cells
2. access of proteins to read the information in DNA sequence
DNA packing into nucleosomes consists of:
DNA wrapped around positively charged histone proteins
The nuclear scaffold:
anchors DNA loops and regulates access to information in DNA
