Lecture 5 - Intro To Public Health Flashcards
What is the Definiton of public health?
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life. And promoting health through the organised efforts of society
What are the 3 domains of public health?
Health protection
Health improvement
Healthcare public health
What is the Definiton of health protection?
The protection of individuals, groups and populations through expert advice and effective collaboration to prevent and mitigate the impact of infectious disease, environemntal, chemical and radiological threats
What are the 3 domains of health protection?
Communicable disease control
Environmental public health
Emergency preparedness, resilience and repsonse
Why do we have health protection?
There are always threats to public health
Importnat to prevent the threats from having significant social and economic damage
What is the epidemiological triangle model?
Involves the interaction of:
-the host
-the agent
-the environment
To cause disease
What is the chain of infection?
Looks at how disease spreads through the epidemiological triangle model and then using that information trying to prevent the spread of disease
What is the source pathway receptor model?
Used for non infectious disease (environmental hazards)
A chain which links a source of disease to the pathway of disease to the receptor of disease
How can we use the source pathway receptor model to prevent disease?
Break one of the 3 things in the chain (source, pathway, receptro)
How can we use the source pathway receptor model to prevent disease?
Break one of the 3 things in the chain (source, pathway, receptro)
What are some direct modes of transmission?
Contact
Droplet
What are some indirect modes of transmission?
Airborne
Vehicle born
Vector borne
What are the ways that can considered an outbreak?
Two or more cases of infectious disease that are epidemiologicallly linked (plausibly transmitted)
Increase in cases of an infectious disease
Any case of infectious disease which doesn’t normally occur in that setting
What is a cluster?
An aggregation of cases that may be epidemiologically linked to
NOT ALL CLUSTERS ARE LINKED so not all are outbreaks
What are 3 main types of graphs that can be used to define an outbreak?
Point source
Propagated (disease with incubation period)
Extended
What is the R number of a disease?
Reproductive number of a disease
How many people a single case will go onto infect on average
What R number is needed to get number of infections to drop?
R less than 1
What is sensitivity?
How goood a test is at correctly identifying cases of a disease.
What is specificity?
How good a test is at correctly identifying who doesn’t have the disease
What is a positive predictive value?
How likely a positive result is to be true
What is a negative predictive value?
How likely. A negative result is to actually be negative
Slide 25:
What is the prevalence of COVID?
602/100000
Slide 26:
What is the sensitivity of COVID?
462/602 = 76.8%
Slide 26:
What is the specificity of COVID?
99100/99398 = 99.7%
Slide 26:
What is the positive predictive value of COVID?
462 / 760 = 60.8%
Slide 26:
What is the negative predictive value of COVID?
99100/99240 = 99.8%
Work out all the values on slide 26
Work out all the values on slide 27
How do we know when there’s an outbreak??
Surveillance
Notification
Other information sources
What are the aims of managing an outbreak?
Control spread of disease
Limit morbidity and mortality
Develop preventinve strategies
Evaluate and refine existing measures
Improve. Knowlegede of new and existing disease
Address public concern
What are the 6 steps of managing an outbreak?
Assemble team
Verify outbreak exists
Find cases
Develop/test hypothesis
Implement control measures
Communicate findings
How do you do a case control study?
You. Know who’s a case and you look backwards for a possible causative factor
How do you do a cohort study?
You know the possible factors and you look forwards to see who becomes a case
Slide 38:
Workout the odds ratio for having diarrhoea if had dodgy pate
1.5 / 0.25 = 6
