lecture 5: illusions Flashcards
Snap judgement
We judge: A great deal of what we conclude about people based of their faces is determined almost instantaneously ( SNAP JUDGEMENT)
Are snap judgements effective?
They predict rather well, but unwise to put too much confidence in our snap judgments because they generally contain only a kernel of truth. ( consensus does not = accuracy)
Todorov + Colleagues study
Did study with photographs, one positive negative dimension ( Trustworthy or not trustworthy, aggressive or not aggressive) , one power dimension ( confident or bashful, dominant or submissive)
Results;
The more trustworthy and not dominant have more baby faces
People who have baby face traits, judged to be more naive, weak, submissive, whereas adult with small eyes, small forehead, angular, prominent chin tend to be judged as strong, competent and dominant.
Situational attribution is called for when ?
is called for when consensus and distinctiveness are both high ( when everyone in your statistics classes likes it too.
Dispositional attribution is called for when?
consensus and distinctiveness are both low ( when only few other students like the statistics class)
Medalist places 1-2-3 phenomenon
Silver medalists were more focused on how they could have done better “if only” a few things had gone differently, whereas bronze medalists were more inclined to state that “at least” they received a medal. Second place can thus be a mixed blessing. e triumph over many can get lost in the defeat by one.
Why is the fundamental attribution error called “fundamental”
- It’s called “fundamental” because the problem being solved (figuring out what someone is like from a sample of behaviour) is so essential and because the tendency to think dispositionally (to attribute behaviour to the person while ignoring important situational factors) is so common and pervasive.
Framing effect example & definition
Order effects are a type of framing effect: The way information is presented, including the order of presentation, can “frame” the way it’s processed and understood.
- Monk who asked if anyone had a cigarrette then someone told him to change his question to can you smoke at church because essentially both mean the same thing its just aboout how info is presented
True or false We SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE THAT FITS OUR BELIEFS
True
Top-Down Processing:
Using Schemas to Understand New
Information
Bottom-up processing :
takes in relevant stimuli from the outside world, such as text on a
page, gestures in an interaction, or sounds at a cocktail party.
the meaning of stimuli is not passively recorded; it is
___________
actively construed.
Top-down processing :
filters and interprets bottom-up stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.
Attention is
- Selective; We cant focus on everything, so what we know about the world makes us pay attention to certain things more then others
basket ball video example (Simons & Chabris, 1999), explain take away
- the participants’ schemas about what is likely to happen in a game of catch directed their attention so intently to some parts of the video that they failed to see a dramatic stimulus they weren’t expecting.
- Why?
- EXPECTATIONS GUIDE ATTENTION; Because people don’t expect to see a gorilla in the middle of a game of catch, only half the participants who watched this video saw it. Schemas can be so strong that they prevent us from seeing even very dramatic stimuli we don’t expect to see…
