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Water Resource Engineering > Lecture 5 - Hydroelectric vs. Thermal Power > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Hydroelectric vs. Thermal Power Flashcards

1
Q

compare with equivalent plat using other resources; energy over its lifetime at least cost.

A

Economic justification

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2
Q

(HEP vs TP) Initial Cost

A

HEP > TP

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3
Q

(HEP vs TP) Tax/ Insurance Rate

A

HEP < TP

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4
Q

(HEP vs TP) Operational Cost

A

HEP < TP

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5
Q

(HEP vs TP) Skilled Workers

A

TP > HEP

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6
Q

(HEP vs TP) Fuel Cost

A

TP vary with the unit price of fuel and the plant output

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7
Q

(HEP vs TP) Transport Cost

A

nuclear fuel are quite low

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8
Q

(HEP vs TP) Efficiency

A

Efficiency drops for TP with age

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9
Q

_____ for power system.

A

Grid system

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10
Q

defined as the ratio of average load to peak load during a certain period of time

A

Load Factor

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11
Q

In planning power system, an _____________ is necessary.

A

estimate of future power requirements

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12
Q

Late afternoon, midday, and summer season are the traditional time of ______ on power systems.

A

peak load

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13
Q

The load for the peak day of the year determines the required _________

A

generating capacity

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14
Q

the requirements for the peak week/month dictate the _____

A

amount of energy

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15
Q

HEP and TP for ______combination

A

optimum

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16
Q

The _____ for a hydropower plant is the total difference in elevation between the water surface in the stream at the diversion and the water surface in the stream at the point where the water is returned after having been used for power.

A

gross head

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17
Q

The ______ is the head available for energy production after deducting losses in friction, entrance, unrecovered velocity head in the draft tube.

A

net or effective head

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18
Q

The ______ of a hydropower plant is the ratio of net head to gross head

A

hydraulic efficiency

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19
Q

The equal

_______ is to the hydraulic efficiency multiplied by the efficiency of the turbines and generators

A

overall efficiency

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20
Q

overall efficiency
The of plants hydropower
operating at optimum conditions will usually be between______

A

60 to 70 percent

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21
Q

The ______ of a hydropower plant is the maximum power which can be developed by the generators at normal head with full flow.

A

capacity

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22
Q

The unit of electrical power ( rate of energy)

A

kilowatt = 1.34 HP

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23
Q

The unit of electrical energy (power multiplied by time)

A

kilowatt-hour (kWh)

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24
Q

_____ is the power (energy) a plant can be expected to deliver 100% of the time.

A

Firm power (energy)

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25
Q

Hydropower plants may be classified in a number of different ways. They may be classified in terms of capacity as ____________________

A

microhydro, minihydro, or ordinary hydro.

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26
Q

They may also be classified in terms of head as ___________ or in terms of layout and operative mode as ___________

A

low head, medium head, or high head

run of river, storage, or pumped storage.

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27
Q

Three Basic Elements for Power Generation

A

 A means to create Head

  • dam and reservoir
  • intake structures

 Conduit to Convey Water

  • intake structures
  • penstocks

 Power Plant

  • turbines/generators
  • draft tubes
  • tailrace
28
Q

convey water from the discharge side of the turbine to the tailrace.

A

Draft tubes

29
Q

maintains a minimum tailwater elevation below the power plant and keeps the draft tube submerged.

A

Tailrace

30
Q

For a constant discharge, the energy relation between the forebay and any other section is _________

A

Bernoulli’s Equation

31
Q

_________ is a regulating reservoir that temporarily stores water to facilitate____

A

Forebay

1) low-approach velocity to intake,
2) surge reduction,
3) sediment removal,
or 4) storage.

32
Q

a free jet of water impinges on the revolving element of the machine, which is exposed to atmospheric pressure. Kinetic to mechanical energy.

A

Impulse-turbine

33
Q

flow takes place under pressure in a closed chamber. Kinetic and pressure head to mechanical energy.

A

Reaction turbine

34
Q

is also called a tangential waterwheel or a Pelton wheel has a runner with numerous spoon-shaped buckets attached to the periphery and are driven by one or more jets of water issuing from fixed or adjustable nozzles.

A

impulse turbine

35
Q

Physical Elements of Turbines: Impulse-type

A

 Jet on bucket is split into 2 parts that discharge at sides of the bucket
 One jet for small turbines, many for big
 Wheel speed is kept constant under varying load through a governor
 Bypass valves or deflectors are provided to prevent water hammer
 Can be double overhung  Provided with housing to prevent splashing
 For efficiency: bucket width is 3-4x jet diameter and 15-20x for wheel diameter
 Bucket angle is usually 165o.

36
Q

nclude Francis turbines, which are constructed so that water enters the runner radially and then flows towards the center and along a turbine shaft axis. Working heads can range between 30 to 450 meters and most economical for 45-450 meters.

A

Reaction turbines

37
Q

Physical Elements of Turbines: Reaction -type

A

 Jet enters a scroll case, moves in to the runner through a series of guide vanes
 Vanes convert pressure head to velocity head
 Vanes are controllable for regulating flows
 Relief valves/surge tanks are provided to prevent water hammer
 Usually mounted on a vertical axis
 From the runner, water enters a draft tube with a gradually increasing cross-sectional area to reduce discharge velocity.
 To prevent flow separation, the divergence angle should be less than 10o.
 To prevent cavitation, z1 should be limited.

38
Q

re constructed so that water passes through the propeller blades in an axial direction. Adjustable gates upstream are used to regulate flow. These turbines are typically used in the 3-60 meter head range and are economical for 15-45 meters.

A

Fixed-blade propeller turbines

39
Q

are propeller turbines with adjustable pitch blades that operate in the same range of heads. The usual runner has 4-8 blades mounted on a hub, with very little clearance between the blades and the conduit wall. Adjustable gates upstream of the runner regulate the flow.

A

Kaplan turbines

40
Q

have a guide vane assembly that is in line with the turbine and contributes to the tubular shape. Economical choice for heads less than 15 meters

A

Tubular turbines

41
Q

are horizontal axial-flow turbines with a turbine runner directly connected to a generator or through a speed-increasing gear box.

A

Bulb turbines

42
Q

is similar to the bulb turbine with the generator mounted on the periphery of the turbine runner blades. Economical choice for heads less than 15 meters.

A

rim turbine

43
Q

Types of Turbine

A 
Impulse-turbine
Reaction turbines
Fixed-blade propeller turbines
Kaplan turbines
Tubular turbines 
Bulb turbines
rim turbine
44
Q

What is stream-flow data?

A

The most important data for a hydropower feasibility study. It is used to develop estimates of water available for power generation.

45
Q

stream-flow data is used to develop ______ which show the percentage of time that flow equals or exceeds various values during the period of record.

A

flow-duration curves

46
Q

is the head at which a turbine operates at maximum efficiency

A

Design head

47
Q

The design head for a run-of-river projects can be determined from a ________as the midpoint of the head range where the project is generating power

A

head-duration curve

48
Q

is the head at which rated power is obtained with the wicket gates fully open.

A

Rated head

49
Q

the discharge at rated head with the wicket gates fully open

A

Rated discharge

50
Q

selected to match the turbine output at rated head and capacity. The head at which a turbine is rated can vary with type of operation.

A

generator rated output

51
Q

is limited to the analysis of small hydro projects, particularly run-of-river projects, and for preliminary analysis only of other projects.

A

flow duration curve

52
Q

A flow duration curve can be converted to ______ by using the power equation

A

power duration curve

53
Q

The following is a summary of the basic steps for computing average annual energy and dependable capacity using flow duration method.

A
  1. Develop flow duration curve
  2. Adjust flow duration curve
  3. Determine flow losses
  4. Develop head data
  5. Select plant size
  6. Define usable flow range and derive head-duration curve 7
    . Derive the power duration curve
  7. Compute average annual energy
  8. Compute dependable capacity
54
Q

This method sequentially computes the energy output for each time interval in the period of analysis.

A

Sequential Streamflow-Routing Method

55
Q

is used to route the streamflows through the project, taking into account the variations in reservoir elevation as a result of the reservoir regulation

A

continuity equation

56
Q

The basic steps for this procedure are as follows: (Sequential Streamflow-Routing Method )

A
  1. Select plant capacity
  2. Compute stream flow available for power generation
  3. Determine average pond elevation
  4. Compute net head
  5. Estimate efficiency
  6. Compute generation
  7. Compute average annual energy
57
Q

defined as a curve, or a family of curves, indicating how a reservoir is to be operated under specific conditions to obtain best or predetermined results.

A

power rule curve

58
Q

To determine the energy output of a project, the following steps can be taken: (power rule curve)

A
  1. Identify the critical period
  2. Make a preliminary estimate of the firm energy potential
  3. Make one or more critical SSR routings to determine the actual firm energy capability and to define operating criteria that will guide year-by- year reservoir operation
  4. Make an SSR routing for the total period of record to determine average annual energy
  5. If desired, make additional period-of-record routings using alternative operating strategies to determine which one optimizes power benefits
59
Q

is one that can be used for flood regulation during part of a year and for conservation storage the remainder of the year.

A

joint-use storage zone

60
Q

ordinarily includes a diversion structure, a conduit (penstock) to carry water to turbines, turbines and governing mechanism, generators, control and switching apparatus, housing for the equipment, transformers, and transmission lines to the distribution centers.

A

hydropower development

61
Q

serves as a regulating reservoir, temporarily storing water when the load on the plant is reduced and providing water for the initial increments of an increasing load while in the canal is being accelerated.

A

forebay

62
Q

direct flows from forebay to the powerhouse.

A

Penstocks

63
Q

consists of a substructure to support the hydraulic and electrical equipment and a superstructure to house and protect equipment.
Shasta

A

Powerhouse

64
Q

is the channel into which the water is discharged after passing through the turbines.

A

tailrace

65
Q

Hydropower Development Planning

A
  1. Assemble hydrologic data
  2. Make preliminary designs for all installations
  3. make a preliminary evaluation of the social, political, and environmental impacts
  4. Determine the requirements to be satisfied
  5. Select feasible projects as close to the load center as possible.
  6. Compare the best design from the several sites
  7. Compare the cost of the hydroelectric-power plant with that of an equivalent thermal plant.
  8. If hydroelectric power is competitive with steam, proceed the detailed design of the hydroelectric installation.

Water Resource Engineering (11 decks)

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