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SMP - Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 > Lecture 5 - Histology of the Cardiovascular System (MA) > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Histology of the Cardiovascular System (MA) Flashcards

1
Q

Does the lymphatic system have a pump?

A

NOPE

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2
Q

Describe the CV system pathway with the type of vessels.

A

RA => RV => pulmonary trunk => elastic pulmonary arteries => alveolar capillaries => pulmonary veins => LA => LV => aorta => elastic arteries => muscular arteries => arterioles => capillaries => venules => large veins => vena cavae

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3
Q

In which vessels does exchange happen?

A

Capillaries and postcapillary venules

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4
Q

What kind of substances are exchanged at capillaries?

A
  1. Gases
  2. Fluids
  3. Nutrients
  4. Cells
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5
Q

How many cells can fit in the lumen of a capillary?

A

1 cell

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6
Q

What is found at the arteriole/capillary junction?

A

Precapillary sphincter = small ring of smooth muscle to regulate blood flow in the capillary bed

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7
Q

What are the 3 components of capillaries?

A
  1. Endothelial cells with nucleus
  2. Basal lamina
  3. Pericytes
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8
Q

Role of pericytes?

A

Maintain the viability of the endothelial cells

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9
Q

What color does the basal lamina appear as in histological pictures?

A

White

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10
Q

Largest types of arteries?

A

Elastic arteries

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11
Q

Other name for muscular arteries?

A

Distributing arteries

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12
Q

Can the muscular arteries have elastic fibers?

A

Mainly not but some

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13
Q

Largest types of veins?

A

Vena cavae

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14
Q

Other name for basal lamina?

A

Basement membrane

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries? Most common one?

A
  1. Continuous***
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinusoidal
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16
Q

Other name for sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Discontinuous

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17
Q

4 locations of continuous capillaries?

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Skin
  3. Lung
  4. Brain
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18
Q

3 locations of fenestrated capillaries?

A
  1. Intestines
  2. Endocrine structures
  3. Kidneys
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19
Q

What is special about the kidney capillaries?

A

Fenestrated capillaries without a diaphragm but a thick basement membrane instead that filters the passage of molecules

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20
Q

4 locations of sinusoidal capillaries?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Spleen
  3. Bone marrow
  4. Endocrine structures
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21
Q

Describe fenestrated capillaries.

A

Contain fenestrations spanned by a diaphragm which is thinner than the plasma membrane

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22
Q

What are fenestrated sinusoids? Locations?

A

Special type of fenestrated capillaries that have a wider diameter than fenestrated capillaries

Locations:

  1. Adrenal glands
  2. Adenohypophysis
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23
Q

Describe sinusoidal capillaries.

A

Largest diameter capillaries with fenestrations or pores (without diaphragms or basement membrane covering them) and are the most leaky

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24
Q

What do fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries allow compared to the continuous ones?

A

More rapid exchange

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25
Q

What are the 5 capillary exchange mechanisms?

A
  1. Open pores/gaps (e.g. sinusoids)
  2. Diffusion
  3. Filtration
  4. Vesicular transport
  5. Transendothelial channels
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26
Q

What is the capillary like where diffusion happens? What passes through?

A

Thickness of endothelial cell cytoplasm is thinner

Gases pass through

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27
Q

What are the transendothelial channels of capillaries formed by?

A

Single or fused vesicles

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28
Q

At what 2 levels can capillary filtration happen?

A
  1. Basement membrane

2. Cytoplasm

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29
Q

Other name for vesicular transport in capillaries?

A

Transcytosis

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30
Q

Describe vesicular transport.

A

System of pinocytotic pits and vesicles which move large molecules across the endothelium of the capillary

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31
Q

What are the 3 secretory and metabolic functions of endothelial cells?

A
  1. Contain adhesion molecules to help cells exit the vasculature
  2. Produce vasoactive compounds
  3. Conduct metabolic conversions
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32
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries (usually in response to inflammation)

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33
Q

What are 3 examples of vasoactive compounds? Role for each?

A
  1. NO = vasodilation
  2. Endothelin = vasoconstriction
  3. Anti-thrombogenic factors
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34
Q

What is an example of a metabolic conversion conduction by endothelial cells?

A

Angiotensin I to II for vasoconstriction

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35
Q

Purpose of adhesion molecules of endothelial cells?

A

Allows blood cells to recognize the correct location to exit the capillary

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36
Q

What is the end product of taking Viagra?

A

NO

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37
Q

List the 3 types of veins from largest to smallest.

A
  1. Large vein
  2. Medium vein
  3. Postcapillary venules
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38
Q

List the 3 types of arteries from largest to smallest.

A
  1. Elastic artery
  2. Muscular artery
  3. Arteriole
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39
Q

What are the 3 basic layers of arteries and veins? List from inner to outer

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica adventitia
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40
Q

3 components of tunica intima? List from inner to outer

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Internal elastic lamina (IEL)
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41
Q

What does the IEL look like?

A

Swiss cheese

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42
Q

3 components of tunica media? List from inner to outer

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Elastic fibers (optional)
  3. External elastic lamina (EEL)
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43
Q

How does the tunica media in veins and arteries differ?

A

Thicker in arteries

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44
Q

3 components of tunica adventitia?

A
  1. Connective tissue (sometimes continuous with surrounding connective tissue)
  2. Vasa vasorum (VV)
  3. Nerves
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45
Q

How does the tunica adventitia in veins and arteries differ?

A

Thicker in veins

46
Q

What are vasa vasori?

A

Vessels of vessels

47
Q

What layers are sometimes missing in smaller veins?

A
  1. Tunica media
  2. IEL of tunica intima
  3. EEL of tunica media
48
Q

What can be said of companion arteries and veins?

A

They have a similar size

49
Q

Compare the lumen of arteries and veins. Explain

A
  • Arteries: open and round because of high pressure and typical presence of smooth muscle
  • Veins: collapsed because low pressure and less smooth muscle (if at all)
50
Q

Why does the lumen of arteries sometimes looked collapsed?

A

Because of histological preparation

51
Q

Do capillaries have smooth muscles?

A

NOPE

52
Q

How many smooth muscle layers in tunica media of arterioles?

A

1-5

53
Q

How many smooth muscle layers in tunica media of muscular arteries?

A

6-40

54
Q

How many smooth muscle layers in tunica media of elastic arteries?

A

40-60

55
Q

How many smooth muscle layers in tunica media of collecting venules?

A

None (and some have no tunica media at all)

56
Q

How many smooth muscle layers in tunica media of muscular venules?

A

1-2

57
Q

How many smooth muscle layers in tunica media of small to medium veins?

A

Thin or absent

58
Q

How many smooth muscle layers in tunica media of large veins?

A

Thin tunica media but up to several layers

59
Q

Example of elastic artery?

A

Aorta

60
Q

Orientation of layers of smooth muscles in the tunica media?

A

Concentric

61
Q

Histological unique feature of large veins?

A

Thick tunica adventitia with many longitudinal smooth muscle bundles

62
Q

Elastic lamina of arterioles?

A

No EEL

Optional IEL

63
Q

Elastic lamina of muscular arteries?

A

EEL and IEL (EEL usually more prominent)

64
Q

Which veins have a tunica intima with valves?

A

Small to medium veins

65
Q

Elastic lamina of elastic arteries?

A

EEL and IEL and 40-60 layers of elastic fibers throughout the tunica media

66
Q

Elastic lamina of collecting venules?

A

None

67
Q

Elastic lamina of muscular venules?

A

None

68
Q

Elastic lamina of small to medium veins?

A

IEL (vague) only

69
Q

Elastic lamina of large veins?

A

IEL only

70
Q

What is a unique feature of the circulatory vessels of higher (gnathostome:jawed fish and higher) vertebrates? How come?

A

Elastic fibers in their arteries

High pressure CV system with a heart

71
Q

Boundaries of tunica media of large arteries?

A

IEL and EEL

72
Q

Describe the thickness of the tunica intima in all vessels. What is the exception?

A

Thin in all vessels except in large veins, where it is thick

73
Q

What are the 4 types of microcirculation? Which one is most common?

A
  1. Arteriole-capillary bed-venule***
  2. Arteriovenous anastomosis: arteriole-venule
  3. Arteriole-capillary-arteriole
  4. Venule-capillary-venule
74
Q

Other name for arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

AV shunt

75
Q

Location of AV shunts?

A

Skin

76
Q

Describe how circulation works in the skin.

A

Thermoregulation:

  • Hot: AV shunt closes so the blood passes through the capillary bed instead
  • Cold: precapillary sphincter shuts off to keep blood in the skin for warmth
77
Q

Location of arteriole-cap-arteriole microcirculation? Purpose?

A

Kidney

Purpose: high pressure filtration to maintain structure of the glomerulus

78
Q

Location of venule-cap-venule microcirculation?

A

Liver = portal system

79
Q

Shape of both IEL and EEL?

A

Scalloped

80
Q

How many cells can fit in lumen of arterioles?

A

3-4

81
Q

Purpose of arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

Prevent blood from going through capillary bed

82
Q

In which vessel does blood pressure drop dramatically?

A

Capillaries

83
Q

In which vessel is permeability the highest?

A

Capillaries

84
Q

Vessel characteristics affecting BP?

A
  1. Diameter
  2. Muscle
  3. Wall thickness
  4. Total volume of vessels
85
Q

How do venous valves work?

A

If you squeeze proximal to the valve, it will open

If you squeeze distal to the valve, it will close

86
Q

How to distinguish veins from lymphatic vessels since they both have valves?

A

Veins will contain mostly non-nucleated cells (RBCs) whereas lymphatic vessels will contain main nucleated cells (lymphocytes)

87
Q

Describe the evolution of the vertebrate heart.

A
  1. Before fish: no heart, just smooth muscle squeezing vessels/channels
  2. Fish: cardiac tube with no chambers
  3. Amphibians: cardiac tube with separated atria
  4. Reptiles: cardiac tube with separated atria, partially separated ventricles, and separated outflow tracts
  5. Mammals: 4 chambers with separated outflow tracts
88
Q

3 layers of cardiac tissue? What is each analogous to?

A
  1. Endocardium - homologous to tunica intima
  2. Myocardium - homologous to tunica media
  3. Epicardium - homologous to tunica adventitia
89
Q

What is the structure of the heart built on?

A

Skeleton of high density collagen connective tissue around which the 3 layers are

90
Q

How to distinguish between epicardium and endocardium?

A

Endocardium contains Pujinke fibers (not to be confused with adipose tissue seen in the epicardium)

91
Q

What are Purkinje fibers?

A

Modified cardiac muscle cells that transmit the impulses of the heart to enable the beating

92
Q

How are Purkinje fibers connected?

A

Gap junctions

93
Q

Which are thicker: atria or ventricles?

A

Ventricles

94
Q

3 functions of lymphatic system?

A
  1. Returns excess 10% of interstitial fluid to blood
  2. Transports lipids absorbed from intestines
  3. Immunologic support
95
Q

Do the lymphatic vessels have the same 3 layers as CV vessels?

A

Yes, except do not have a tunica media

96
Q

Pathway of lymphatic system? How does the pressure change in it? Where are the lymphatic valves found?

A

Blood capillaries => interstitial fluid => lymph capillaries => lymph veins (with nodes) => lymph ducts => large circulatory veins

High to low pressure

Lymphatic valves in all lymphatic vessels

97
Q

Describe a lymphatic capillary. How does it work?

A

Blind-ended capillaries wrapped around cardiovascular capillaries with openings/flaps open in one direction (so fluid cannot flow back) when the interstitial fluid pressure on the outside is larger than it is on the inside of the capillary

98
Q

What is unique about lymphatic capillaries?

A
  1. Unique permeability characteristics

2. Elastic filaments anchor them to connective tissue

99
Q

Does lymph need to be filtered by at least 1 node before re-entering CV system?

A

YUP

100
Q

How many deaths in the US are MIs responsible for?

A

25%

101
Q

Describe a Berry aneurism

A

Defects in tunica media of cerebral arteries which makes rupture more likely

102
Q

What % of CV deaths are due to tobacco use? How many each year?

A

32%

443,000

103
Q

Describe varicose veins.

A

Abnormally dilated tortuous veins with valve insufficiency

104
Q

What % of pop will develop varicose veins in the lower legs?

A

15-20%

105
Q

In what layer are valves found in small to medium veins?

A

Tunica intima

106
Q

Why does the pressure decline as blood goes through the arterial system?

A
  1. Increased resistance because of decrease in elastic fibers
  2. Increased branching causing increased total volume
107
Q

Purpose of arrangement of smooth muscle in arteries and veins?

A
  • Arteries: concentric to constrict vessels to control blood flow
  • Veins: longitudinal to increase venous return to the heart
108
Q

Through what transport mechanisms do proteins cross a capillary?

A

Filtration

109
Q

Describe the thickness of the tunica adventitia in all vessels. What are the 2 exceptions?

A

Thin in all vessels, except:

  1. In small to medium veins
  2. In large veins: thick with many longitudinal smooth muscle bundles
110
Q

Compare the lumen and wall size of arteries and veins.

A

Arteries: about the same size

Veins: much thinner walls

111
Q

In which cardiac layer are Purkinje fibers located?

A

Endorcardium

112
Q

What kind of arteries are the pulmonary ones?

A

ELASTIC

SMP - Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 (28 decks)

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