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Embryology > Lecture 5 (Heart Development) > Flashcards

Lecture 5 (Heart Development) Flashcards

1
Q

What organ is the first to begin functioning?

A

the heart

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2
Q

By what day are the two heart tubes formed?

A

Day 20

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3
Q

What happens on day 21 with the endocardial tubes?

A

they fuse into the primitive heart tube

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4
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

day 22 (after fushion of heart tubes)

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5
Q

What four major events happen to the primary heart tube from wks 4-8?

A
  • looping/folding
  • remodeling
  • realignment
  • septation
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6
Q

What process brings the two endocardial tubes together so they can fuse?

A

lateral body folding

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7
Q

On day 23, the heart begins to:

A

loop

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8
Q

Heart looping is complete by:

A

Day 28

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9
Q

The septum primum begins forming when the heart looping is complete on day:

A

28

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10
Q

What endocardial tissues form during week 5?

A

cushions

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11
Q

Atrioventricular endocardial cushions fuse to form __________ around day _____.

A

atrioventricular septum

day 42

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12
Q

In week 7, what structure is formed by the septum primum and Secundum?

A

forman ovale

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13
Q

What happens to the outflow tract of the heart around week 8?

A

they become fully septated thanks to fusion of outflow tract cushions

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14
Q

ventricular septation is completed by:

A

joining of outflow tract, atrioventricular, and muscular interventricular septa

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15
Q

Where is the cardiogenic field established?

A

cranial to neural plate

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16
Q

What forms in the visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm cranial to developing brain then coalesce?

A

blood islands

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17
Q

What primitive structure forms as blood islands coalesce in the cardiogenic field?

A

primitive heart tube - horseshoe-shaped endothelial tube

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18
Q

The cardiogenic field becomes established in week:

A

3

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19
Q

What master regulator is responsible for heart development?

A

NKX-2.5

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20
Q

What morphogens are responsible for expression of NKX-2.5 in the cardiogenic field?

A

upregulation of BMPs

downregulation of WNTs

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21
Q

How many cardiac fields form? What are they called?

A

2 - primary and secondary

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22
Q

What else is occurring as the body folds to bring the heart tubes together?

A

midgut remodeling, vitelline duct is constricted, liver and lung buds form

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23
Q

The caudal end of the heart tube is the ______ end

A

venous

24
Q

the cranial end of the primitive heart is the _______ end. What sprouts from here?

A

arterial.

vessels.

25
Q

The sprouted vessels of the cranial end of the heart become the:

A

aortic arches.

26
Q

Which signaling molecules are responsible for lopping and sidedness? What other signals do these repress?

A

NODAL and LEFTY2 -> PITX2

BMP and WNT are repressed

27
Q

NKX2.5 leads to the expression of which two signaling molecules?

A

HAND 1 and HAND2

28
Q

HAND1 expression leads to development of ->

A

left ventricle

29
Q

HAND2 expression leads to development of ->

A

right ventricle

30
Q

After looping, the heart is on the _____ side of the body.

A

left

31
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

when the heart is on the right side of the body instead of the left due to an error in looping

32
Q

Which ways do the atrial and ventricular regions of the heart grow during looping?

A 
atrial = up and left
ventricular = down and right
33
Q

What days does heart looping occur?

A

22-24

34
Q

By day 24 what L and R structures have formed?

A

sinus horns

35
Q

What happens to the sinus horns by day 35?

A

R sinous horn has fused with the atrium

L sinus horn has formed the coronary sinus and oblique vein of left atrium

36
Q

What is happening in the atria from days 27-37?

A

septal formation

37
Q

What has occurred btwn the atria and ventricles by day 33?

A

they have been separate by the usion of endocardial cushion

38
Q

By day 37, what separates the right and left atrium?

A

the septum primum and secundum

39
Q

What structure is formed by the septum primum and secundum?

A

the foramen ovale

40
Q

What is forming in the ventricules around the same time as the foramen ovale? day?

A

ventricular septum

41
Q

By what week have the atrioventricular valves formed? What do they form from?

A

7th week

endocardial cushion

42
Q

Septation of the outflow tract of the heart is occurring around day:

A

35.

43
Q

Heart septation is complete by week:

A

8

44
Q

When do neural crest cells migrate to the heart?

A

3.5-4 weeks

45
Q

What is the most common type of heart defect? Where do most of them occur?

A

interventricular septal defects

most occur in muscular portion of the septa, others occur in membranous portion

46
Q

How does transposition of the great vessels occur? What is considered the cause?

A

conotruncal cushions dividing the outflow tract fail to rotate 180 degree

neural crest related abnormality

47
Q

What condition is characterized by four distinct cardiac abnormalities appearing together? What is the believed cause?

A

tetraology of fallot

neural crest cells

48
Q

What is responsible for the transition to post natal blood flow?

A

pressure causing the foramen ovale to close

49
Q

Mutations in which gene cause ASDs and atrial conduction delays?

A

NKX2.5

50
Q

Mutations in what gene can cause Holt-Oram syndrome, preaxial limb defects w/ ASDs, and heart-hand syndromes?

A

TBX5

51
Q

How do blood vessels form?

A

vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

52
Q

What things form from vasculogenesis?

A

the heart and major vessels

53
Q

What things form through angiogenesis?

A

smaller vessels

54
Q

What molecules are necessary for vessel formation?

A

VEGFs

55
Q

Which aortic arch doesn’t form?

A

5th

56
Q

Which aortic arches form first?

A

the most cranial form and differentiate as the more caudal ones form

57
Q

which aortic arches from major vessels? List all.

A

3rd -> carotid system
4th -> right: subclavian, left: arch of the aorta
6th -> pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

Embryology (8 decks)

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