Lecture 5 equine

Question 1

early embryonic loss

Answer 1

before day 14

Question 2

Reasons for early embryonic loss

Answer 2

 Embryo quality
– Aged gametes
– Chromosomal abnormalities (stallion and mare)
 Uterine environment
– Endometritis
– Endometrial fibrosis
– Uterine cysts
 Abnormal hormonal environment
– Luteal insufficiency

Question 3

When does embryo migration occur

Answer 3

around day 10

Question 4

Uterine cysts

Answer 4

• Factors
• Aged mares
• Origin
• Vascular changes
• Lymphatic cysts
• Effect on fertility
• Reduced embryo mobility
• Abnormal placentation
• Compromised cervical tone
• Treatment
• Aspiration
• Cauterization, laser ablation

Question 5

Endometritis

Answer 5

• The major cause of infertility in the mare
• Etiology/ Pathogenesis
 Contamination and establishment of infection
 Failure of anatomical barriers to infection
– Vulva
– Vestibulo-vaginal sphincter
– Cervix
 Failure of uterine defense mechanisms

Question 6

Endometritis: Risk factors

Answer 6

• Age
• Breed
• Anatomy
 Perineal conformation
 Large pendulant uterus
 Endocrine disorders (Metabolic
syndrome)
• Endocrine disorders
 PPID
 Equine metabolic syndrome
 Reduced immune function

Question 7

Mares susceptible to endometritis

Answer 7

• Reduced uterine clearance
• Cervical pathology
• Decreased myometrial activity
• Role of nitric oxide
• Repeated infections
• Reduced efficiency of
phagocytosis (number,
chemotaxis, opsonisation)

Question 8

Diagnosis of endometritis

Answer 8

• Transrectal palpation and ultrasonography
 Large uterus
 Thick edematous uterus
 Overt uterine edema
 Intrauterine fluid accumulation
• Vaginal examimation
 Cervicitis
 Fluid in the vagina / vaginal discharge
• Endometrial cytology and culture
• Biopsy (GOLD STANDARD)

Question 9

Resistant mares will clear endometritis infections in how long?

Answer 9

12 hours

Question 10

Treatment of endometritis

Answer 10

• Intrauterine therapy
• Uterine lavage
• Elimination of biofilm
• Immunostumulation
• Intrauterine antimicrobials
• Systemic therapy
• Antimicrobials
• Anti-inflammatories
• Breeding management

Question 11

eosinophils will be present with what?

Answer 11

pneumovagina