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Therio > Lecture 1 Equine > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Equine Flashcards

1
Q

Mare estrous cycle

A

• Mares are seasonally polyestrous
 Long day breeders (April- October)
 Photoperiodic control of reproduction

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2
Q

Mare estrous cycle and estrus length

A

21 days
 Length of estrus: 7 days (3 to 12 days)
– Ovulation occurs in the last 24 to 48 hours of estrus
– Dominant hormone: Estrogen (from preovulatory follicle)
– Uterine edema

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3
Q

Mare diestrus length

A

14–15 days
 Dominant hormone: Progesterone (causes maximal tone
uterine tone)
 Corpus luteum not palpable

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4
Q

When does the follicle ovulate?

A

At the last 24 hours of estrus

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5
Q

The corpus luteum in the horse is not palpable. Why?

A

They are intraovarian

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6
Q

Aging foals by racing industry

A

Foals will be considered one year of age on the first of Jan of the following year.

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7
Q

Advancing the breeding season- Artificial

photoperiod (management of mares)

A 
• Start 60 days before desired
breeding date
• Apply 16 hours of light per
day
• Intensity (10 foot-candles at
mare eye level or mare
within 8 feet of 200 watt
incandescent light bulb)
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8
Q

Hormonal management of advancing the breeding season

A 
• Combination light +
progesterone or light +
progesterone + GnRH or
Light + Dopamine
antagonist (sulpiride,
domperidone)
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9
Q

When is progesterone most effective in priming the mare?

A

Late in the transition (end of winter)

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10
Q

How does progesterone work to advance the breeding season?

A

• Primes the HPG axis “progesterone priming”

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11
Q

protocol to use short acting progesterone

A

 Short acting P4 only
– Altrenogest (0.044 mg/kg PO) or P4 in ooil (150 mg IM) given for 2
weeks after US detection of a 25 mm follicle
– Average days to estrus: 4 to 7
– Average days to ovulation: 7 to 12

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12
Q

protocol to use long acting progesterone

A

– 600 mg released over 7 to 10 days, administered when follicles >
25 mm
– Ovulation at 18.6 ±8.7 days vs. 26,7±14.7 days in untreated control

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13
Q

• Progesterone and estradiol (P/E) for management of the breeding season

A

Same protocol as for synchronization of mares

Often combined with artificial lighting programs

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14
Q

Breeds where natural cover is required

A

thoroughbred

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15
Q

Breeding options

A

• Natural cover (mandatory in some breeds i.e.
Thoroughbred)
• Artificial insemination with cooled shipped
semen
• Artificial insemination with frozen semen
• Embryo transfer
• Oocyte transfer or intra-cytoplasmic sperm
injection

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16
Q

Semen should be tested for what disease

A

equine viral arteritis

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17
Q

• Requirements for shipping equine semen into

Washington State

A

 Current Coggins test and health certificate
 Negative EVA test from the current calendar year or
proof of vaccination
 Semen permit number issued by the USDA
 Semen evaluation paperwork

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18
Q

Modern approach for in hand breeding

A 
 Objectives
– Limit # breeding in mares susceptible
to endometritis
– Efficient use of stallions
– Use Minimum contamination breeding
technique
 Monitor follicular growth and induce
ovulation
– Breed at the time of induction of
ovulation or 24 hours later
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19
Q

Monitoring mares for breeding

A
  • Mare is monitored by ultrasonography
  • Ovulation is induced pharmacologically
  • Follicle > 30 mm (GnRH, Deslorelin) or >35 mm (hCG)
  • Presence of uterine edema (i.e. mare is in estrus)
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20
Q

Indications for the induction of ovulation

A 
Indications
• Fixed-time AI
• Reduces the number of
inseminations/breedings
• Synchronization of mares
• Criteria for use
• Mare in estrus
• Follicle size
• Uterine edema
• Expected response rate
• 90%
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21
Q

hCG

A 
• Glycoprotein (human trophoblast)
• LH activity
• Can cause anaphylactic reactions
• Less efficacious if repeated
• Dose: 750 to 300 iu IV, most
commonly 2500 iu)
• Ovulation in 24 to 48 hours
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22
Q

Deslorelin (SucroMate®)

A 
• Peptide in oil-based controlled
release vehicle
• GnRH analogue
• 1.8 mg deslorelin acetate per mL
• 90% of mares ovulate in 41.9±9.4 h
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23
Q

Method to save sperm

A

deep horn insemination

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24
Q

24 hours after insemination

A
  • Check for ovulation (CH, uterine edema)
  • Check for accumulation of
    fluid (Persistent-Mating-
    Induced Endometritis;
    PMIE)
25
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis

A 
• 14 days post-ovulation
 Check for double ovulation and
twins
 Check quality of CL
 Place high risk mares on
Progesterone therapy
• 25-30 days
 Fetal heartbeat
• 45-60 days
 Fetal sexing 56 to 65 days
• Check at 90 –100 days (mares
with reproductive problems)
• Check at 5 months
26
Q

Most important date in preg diagnosis

A

14 days

27
Q

Management of the pregnant mare: Nutrition

A

• Up to 8 months, no additional nutrients
 Fetal growth: 0.2 lb/day
 Feeding: 1.5 -2% BW
 Excercise

28
Q

Nutrition in the last trimester

A

 Fetal growth: 1lb /day
 10th month: fetus requires the most minera;s
 The average thoroughbred mare gains 175 to 225 lbs
(average foal birthweight: 100-125 lbs)
 Feed 2.25 to 2.5% BW
 Total protein of 12-14%
 Ca/P ratio 1.2 to 1.5:1
Excessive nutrition is more common than starvation
and may lead to some placental disease

29
Q

Consideration regarding the management of nutrition of the pregnant mare

A

Make sure she doesn’t have metabolic disease

30
Q

Vaccination of mares (core)

A 
 Influenza
 Eastern and Western encephalitis
 Tetanus
 Rabies
 West Nile virus
• Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1, Rhinopneumonitis)
31
Q

• Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1, Rhinopneumonitis)

A

 Killed vaccine for prevention of abortion

 5th, 7th and 9th months of pregnancy

32
Q

Deworming of pregnant mares

A

 Check label (safe for pregnant mares)
 Ivermectin
 Monitor fecal egg count (large studfarms with visiting mares)
 Deworm 10 days before due dates

33
Q

• Housing of pregnant mares

A

 Broodmares should be separated from yearlings and
training horses
 Pasture
 Foaling stalls

34
Q

Foaling management - what needs to be done following foaling

A

• Open Caslick’s 4 to 6 weeks prior to due
date
• Check mare frequently
• Plan for colostrum supply (Frozen from
previous breeding season)
• Check udder secretion for change in
electrolyte (Ca/Mg) to predict foaling time
• Educate client about management of foaling

35
Q

Significacne of Ca/Mg

A

Will indicate foaling

36
Q

Pre-foaling mammary gland secretions

A
  • Increase in calcium and magnesium
  • Increased Potassium
  • Decreased sodium
  • Inversion of Na+/K+
37
Q

Postpartum mare and foal Care

A 
• Examination of foal at birth
 Development
 Behavior
 Congenital abnormalities
• Care of the umbilical cord stump
• Check for passive transfer of immunity (IgG testing)
38
Q

EQUINE VENEREAL DISEASES

A 
• Equine coital exanthema
• Equine Viral Arteritis
• Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
• Dourine
• Others: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
39
Q

Equine coital exanthema

A 
(EHV-3)
 Species specific
 Alpha herpes virus
 Worldwide distribution
(endemic in the USA)
 Latent infections can
reactivate due to stress
40
Q

EHV3 Transmission

A

 Direct contact with lesions
 Mechanical (instruments,
personnel)
 Incubation 5 to 9 days

41
Q

Clinical signs of EHV-3

A 
• Small (2-3 mm) papules
progressing to pustules then
ulceration
• Erosions with scab
• Heal in 2 t 3 weeks
• Stallions: decreased libido
42
Q

Dx of EHV-3

A
  • Serology
  • Viral inclusion
  • PCR
  • No treatment
  • Do not breed until lesions heal
  • breeding hygiene
  • Carrier state is possible
43
Q

EVA Epidemiology

A
  • Worldwide distribution
  • Endemic in US, Standardbred population
  • Reportable disease in 40 states
  • Virus is androgen dependent
  • Stallions can be lifelong carriers
  • Transmission
  • Outbreaks have been reported recently
  • 69.5% exposed via shipped cooled semen
44
Q

Transmission of EVA

A
  • Main source Shedding stallions
  • Aerosol
  • Vertical
  • Fomites
45
Q

Clinical features of EVA

A 
• Incubation period: 2 to 14 days
• Edema due to arteritis,
vasculitis
• Fever
• Respiratory disease
• Virus replicates in endothelial
cells and macrophages
• Abortion 8 to 30 day post
infection
• 3 to 10 months
• Foal can be born infected
46
Q

Dx of EVA

A
  • Serology (virus neutralization)

* Virus isolation (semen)

47
Q

Px of EVA

A 
• Vaccination of stallions
• Vaccination of mares bred to
infected stallions
• Only breed to EVA negative
stallions
48
Q

If you vaccinate for EVA, you must….

A

separate the vaccinated animals from the naive animals for at least 30 days because the vaccine is live

49
Q

Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) - agents

A 
 Taylorella equigenitalis
 Taylorella asinigenitalis
(donkeys)
 Gram negative
microaerophilic coccobacillus
50
Q

Transmission of CEM

A

 Venereal, fomite, vertical

 Carrier stallions

51
Q

Clinical Signs of CEM

A 
• Stallions: no clinical signs
• Mares
• Copious gray vaginal
discharge within 24-72
hours persists for one
cycle
• Cervicitis persists longer
and positive cultures may
be obtained for as long as
6 weeks
• Endometritis, salpingitis
• Infertility
• Pregnancy loss
52
Q

Dx of CEM

A 
• Culture requires special
media (check with lab.)
• Serology not recommended
• PCR is now the gold
standard (University of
Kentucky)
• Test breeding (stallions for
import)
53
Q

CEM testing samples

A 
• Mare
 Clitoral fossa, sinus
 Vaginal discharge
• Stallion
 Pre-ejaculatory fluid
 Urethral swabs
 Urethral fossa
 Semen
 Test breeding
54
Q

CEM - Treatment - stallions

A

 Daily for 5 days washing of the penis with 5%
chlorhexidine gluconate, rinse and pack with
nitrofurazone ointment, parenteral antibiotics
(penicillin) re-culture 7 days after

55
Q

CEM - Treatment - mares

A

 Intrauterine: Penicillin, ampicillin
 Clean the clitoral fossa and flush clitoral sinus:
chlorhexidine gluconate 4%, pack with nitrofurazone
0.2% or silver sulfadiazine 1%
 Clitoral sinusectomy

56
Q

Dourine - causative agent

A

 Trypanosoma equiperdum

 Protozoa

57
Q

epidemiology of dourine

A

 Venereal disease
 No vectors known
 Reportable disease (foreign
animal disease)

58
Q

Clinical signs of dourine

A 
 Slow to develop (may incubate
for 20 weeks)
 Stage 1: Genital edema,
vaginal or urethral discharge,
weight loss
 Stage 2: Fever, edema and
ulceration of external genitalia,
Cutaneous plaques (silver
dollar), Ventral edema
 Stage 3: Anemia, neurologic
disorders, paresis, death
59
Q

dx treatment of dourine

A
  • Diagnosis: CF test, PCR
  • No treatment
  • Euthanasia

Therio (6 decks)

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