Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI Physiology > Lecture 5 - endocrine role of adrenal glands > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - endocrine role of adrenal glands Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

At the superior poles of the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Morphologically …… adrenal glands in 1

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the parts of the adrenal glands?

A 
Outer cortex (80%) - steroid hormones 
Inner medulla (20%) - secretes adrenaline and nor-adrenaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much of the secreted hormones in the medulla is adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

adrenaline - 80 %

noradrenaline - 20 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the order of making adrenaline

A
  1. ) Tyrosine
  2. ) Dihydroxyphenylalanine
  3. ) Dopamine
  4. ) Noradrenaline
  5. ) Adrenaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Effect of the hormones produced by the medulla on CVS?

A

Increase in cardiac output - increase SV, BP, HR

Increase in blood going to the coronary and muscle, decrease in GIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Effect of the hormones produced by the medulla on GIT?

A

Decrease in motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effect of the hormones produced by the medulla on Skin?

A

Increase sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Effect of the hormones produced by the medulla on Skeletal Muscle?

A

Increase tension generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Effect of the hormones produced by the medulla on Nervous tissue?

A

Increase brain arousal, reflex wpeed, aggression, anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Metabolic effects of hormones produced in medulla?

A
  1. ) increase in glycogenolysis and decrease in insulin sensitivity (Break down glucose in muscles to use) in muscle
  2. ). increase in glucagon secretion and decrease in insulin secretion in the pancreatic islets
  3. ) Increase in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver
  4. ) decrease insulin sensitivity and increase lipolysis in fats

Overall : increase lactate, glucose, glyceral and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

A rare catecholamine producing tumor that arises from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or from the sympathetic ganglion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Symptoms of pheochromocytoma?

A

5 Ps:
Pressure: sudden major increase in BP bc of increase in cardiac contractility
Pain: abrupt throbbing headache, chest and abdominal pain
Perspiration: generalised diffuse diaphoresis
Palpitations: true with tachcardia with feelings of panic or anxiety
Pallor of the skin from vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. ) mineralocorticoids - like aldosterone
  2. ) Glucocorticoids - like cortisol
  3. ) Weak Androgeens - like weak sex steroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are mineralcorticoids derived from and how are they stored ?

A

Derived from cholestrol and they are not stored. They are synthesized on demand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are glucocorticoids bound to?

A

Bound to proteins in plasma making them inactive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do weak sex steroids do?

A

Alter gene activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. ) Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
  2. ) Zona fasciculata - cortisol
  3. ) Zona reticularis - cortisol and androgens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What if 17, 20 lyase is missing?

A

Can’t make androstenedione

20
Q

what if 11 betahydroxylase is missing?

A

Cant make cortisol or aldosterone

21
Q

what if 17 alpha hydroxylase is missing?

A

Cant make cortisol or androstenedione

22
Q

What is the concentration of cortisol in the blood?

A

5-25 microg/100 ml

23
Q

What is cortisol and what is it produced by?

A
  1. ) Major glucocorticoid in humans produced by zona fasciculata.
  2. ) It contains enzymes for synthesis
24
Q

What is its release controlled by?

A

Controlled by HPA axis (hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex), with negative feedback.

25
Q

How is cortisol transported?

A

It is mainly bound to proteins in the plasma. Specifically, to globulin transcortin. This is synthesized by the liver.

26
Q

What are the metabolic effects of cortisol?

A

Muscle - increase protein degradation, decrease protein synthesis, decrease glucose utilisation, and decrease insulin sensitivity.

Liver - increase in glycogen storage and increase in gluconeogenesis

Fat - increase in lipolysis and decrease in glucose utilisation and insulin sensitivity.

Overall - increase in glycerol, glucose and amino acids.

27
Q

What are cortisol’s effects on inflamation and immunosupression?

A

inflammation - inhibit the early and late phases of inflammation

immunosupression - inhibit edema formation, fibrin deposition, leukocyte migration, phagocytic activity, collagen depostion and capillary and fibroblast proliferation. It also inhibits enzyme phospholipase A2 and COX-2, inhibit the release of TNF-!, IL-2 and platelet activating factor. Inhibits the release of histamine and seratonin.

Overall - reduced inflammation, autoimmune reactions, healing, immune protection.

Used to treat inflammatory disorderrs like eczema, asthma or preevent transplant rejection.

28
Q

Effect of cortisol on CVS, bone formation and tissue repair?

A

CVS - potentiates effects of adrenaline so there is an increase in B adrenergic sensitivity

Inhibits bone formation - decrease in osteoblast formation and decrease Ca+2 production

Tissue repair - increaseamino acid uptake in liver and increase plasma hepatic proteins

Over prolonged time at high level - increased sodium and water re absorption and increase pottasium excretion.

29
Q

Cortisol metabolic effect?

A

increased energy substrates

30
Q

Cortisol mineralocorticoid effect?

A

Dehydration, hemorrhagic stress

31
Q

Cortisol CVS effect?

A

Increased cardiac potential

32
Q

Cortisol Hepatic effect?

A

hepatic amino acids for tissue repair

33
Q

Cortisol Immune effect?

A

prevents the over stimulation of immune system

34
Q

Cortisol RBC effect?

A

increases oxygen carriage

35
Q

Cortisol Platelet effect?

A

prevents blood loss

36
Q

What is cushing’s syndrome?

A

excess endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids, primarily at the adrenal level due to overproduction of ACTH or cortisol.

37
Q

Effects of cushing’s syndrome on hyperglycemia?

A

gluconeogenesis - insulin resistant diabetes

38
Q

Effects of cushing’s syndrome on lypolysis?

A

Specific distribution of fat, face and torso. So u get moon face and buffalo torso

39
Q

Effects of cushing’s syndrome on protein catabolism?

A

Muscle weakness

40
Q

Effects of cushing’s syndrome on immune system suppressed?

A

Poor wound healing

41
Q

Effects of cushing’s syndrome on hypertension?

A

Due to weak mineralocorticoid activity

42
Q

Effects of cushing’s syndrome on flushed appearance?

A

Increased RBC

43
Q

Effects of cushing’s syndrome on depressed mood?

A

just depressed fam

44
Q

What is addison’s disease?

A

Primary adrenocortocol insufficiency where the adrenal cortex is destroyed. Usually bc of an infection. So there is an insufficient production of cortisol, accompanied by aldosterone and adrenal androgen deficiency.

45
Q

Effects of addisons?

A

Decrease Cortisol

  1. ) causes decrease in gluconeogenesis - decrease glucose
  2. ) causes decrease in protein catabolism - decrease plasma AA
  3. ) causes decrease in liplysis - decrease plasma FFA

Other effects : inability to deal with stress, susceptability to inflammation and allergies.

46
Q

What happens if you have a 21 beta hydroxylase defeciency?

A

no production of mineralcorticoids nad glucocorticoids. produces adrenal androgens and with females it may cause masculinisation and in children increase growth and supression of gonadal fat. (fat covering testes or ovaries)

47
Q

What happens if you have a 17 alpha hydroxylase defeciency?

A

No glucocorticoids or adrenal androgens. Overporduction of corticosterone but it inhibits aldosterone levels (inhibitory feedback)

GI Physiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions