Lecture #5-Children, Families and Communities

Question 1

Longitudinal Research

Answer 1

The goal of longitudinal research is to incorporate children’s characteristics and their various contexts for development

Question 2

Contexts

Answer 2

Are measured based on children’s basic demographic information, information of the parents, child’s health status and health information about the child’s parents and their lifestyle activities

Question 3

Community context

Answer 3

Focuses on social relationships outside of the family, involvement in the community and information about the neighborhood where the family lives

Question 4

Ethnography

Answer 4

Helpful in demonstrating the complex nature of childhood experiences and provides important information that can be used to support caregivers and their practices

Question 5

Collaborative research

Answer 5

Valuable in early childhood settings because it allows practitioners and families to have a voice in research on child development who are often excluded

Question 6

Environmental Context

Answer 6

The environmental context that a child is raised in helps to make more effective decisions that will have a positive impact on their wellbeing

Question 7

Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory

Answer 7

-incorporates multiple contexts, environments, social policies and cultures to gain a better understanding of child development

Question 8

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological approach

Answer 8

-attempts to conceptualize children in relation to their physical, social and psychological environment

Question 9

Bronfenbrenner’s social ecology model

Answer 9

-refers to the microsystem which involves settings that the child is involved in such as school and church

Question 10

Mesosystem

Answer 10

-refers to the amount of overlap that exists between two settings in the microsystem such as between conflicting or complementary values and routines between home and school

Question 11

An exosystem

Answer 11

-refers to settings that the child is not directly involved in such as a parent’s workplace but which has a significant effect on their life and development

Question 12

A macrosystem

Answer 12

-refers to various cultural and societal contexts that affect all the other systems

Question 13

The developmental niche

Answer 13

The idea that individuals seek out a niche with contexts that match their own characteristics

Question 14

Chronosystem

Answer 14

A chronosystem changes over time and takes into account numerous developmental and historical changes

Question 15

The process-person-context-time model

Answer 15

The idea that the effectiveness of proximal processes is dependant on the person who is participating in an activity, the context the activity is taking place in, and the amount of time that is dedicated to a specific activity

Question 16

Cultural practices

Answer 16

Cultural practices are internalised and passed down through the generations and play a significant role in shaping the behaviour, values and beliefs of a child

Question 17

Microtime

Answer 17

Refers to the continuity or discontinuity of episodes of proximal processes

Question 18

Mesotime

Answer 18

Refers to the frequency of these episodes over time such as weeks and months

Question 19

Macrotime

Answer 19

Refers to the idea that societal values and expectations are constantly changing

Question 20

Epigenetics

Answer 20

• Focuses on environmental influences that affect gene expression
• Every person develops differently and on a unique timetable that is largely affected by environmental factors

Question 21

Sensitive periods

Answer 21

Refer to the time during development where the brain is very malleable and responsive to experiences which results in irreversible change

Question 22

Plasticity

Answer 22

• Plasticity is the production and refinement of neural connections through stimuli of synapses
• An unhealthy environment during childhood is associated with neural network abnormalities in areas of the brain that are responsible for memory, attention, impulsiveness and behavioral regulation and control

Question 23

Disability

Answer 23

A disability is an umbrella term that refers to impairment, activity limitations and participation restrictions

Question 24

Impairments

Answer 24

Impairments are problems in physical body functions that can range from mild, moderate, severe or complete

Question 25

Activity limitations

Answer 25

Activity limitations are difficulties in participating in daily activities like learning or mobility

Question 26

Participatory restrictions

Answer 26

Problems that happen in everyday life situations like building relationships and community

Question 27

Classification

Answer 27

• Allows people to come together to share common experiences and develop an understanding of various disability types
• not useful when it makes the assumption that people of the same disability classification are the exact same and have the same experiences

Question 28

Disabilism

Answer 28

Disabilism affects the person with the disability and sometimes their family members and can come in the form of social exclusion, verbal abuse or being looked down on by others

Question 29

Living environment deficiency

Answer 29

Refers to those who are living in an environment where there is a high risk for social issues such as alcohol and drug abuse, high crime rates, poverty and abuse

Question 30

Childhood trauma

Answer 30

The term used to describe a history of physical, sexual or emotional abuse in childhood

Question 31

Cultural Identity

Answer 31

Allows people to identify themselves in relation to their ethnicity, religion, geographical location and beliefs

Question 32

4 features of cultural life

Answer 32

1. Having an understanding of the culture’s ideology and beliefs
2. Becoming competent in the cultural practices
3. Moving along the culture’s accepted pathways
4. Following the culture’s rules for uniformity

Question 33

Practices

Answer 33

A way of acting that is repeated and sets the standard for the culturally accepted way to behave and they are often resistant to change (ex. wearing a headscarf or turban)

Question 34

Enculturation

Answer 34

Children become enculturated in the process of embracing beliefs, practices, lifestyles and norms of a particular culture

Question 35

Acculturation

Answer 35

Acculturation processes are experiences when two cultures come into continual contact with each other as people move through various contexts

Question 36

Community development work

Answer 36

Community development work is often done by a paid worker whose goal is to help a specific community to come together and organise themselves to address shared problems and needs

Question 37

Social action

Answer 37

Work conducted by a community group to persuade the government or private sector to do something they want or to stop something they don’t want

Question 38

Social planning

Answer 38

Social planning is used to influence service providers, rather than only assisting a community group to do so

Question 39

Community development approach

Answer 39

• The idea that workers act as facilitators with local people to help them become involved and work towards reaching their collective goals
• It is important for workers to have a facilitating role when there are competing ideas and interests in the group and they work to reconcile differences

Question 40

Process goal

Answer 40

A process goal has to do with changes in people’s confidence, knowledge and skills

Question 41

Product goal

Answer 41

A product goal involves a change in the situation

Question 42

Expressive groups

Answer 42

Focus on having a good or rewarding time during their meetings while working towards complicated, long-term goals

Question 43

Instrumental groups

Answer 43

Focus on trying to create change outside of themselves and involves specific plans, written records or decisions and a meeting agenda

Question 44

Radical community work

Answer 44

Based on challenging norms and “common sense” and identifying issues along with their causes

Question 45

Intervention project

Answer 45

An intervention project must have a long-term development plan that is based on a community profile and needs analysis and to build on any previous work

Question 46

Operational power

Answer 46

Operational power is control of the labour processes which produces economic profit and management is typically displayed using a pyramidal hierarchy (top to bottom ranking)

Question 47

Strategic power

Answer 47

Strategic power is control of the corporation itself, often by owning the largest amount of shares

Question 48

Allocative power

Answer 48

Allocative power is having control of the money-capital that corporations depend on, resulting in a complex relationship between creditors and debtors

Question 49

Finance capital

Answer 49

Finance capital is operational forms of economic power which is a combination of operational, strategic and allocative power which has helped to advance capitalism

Question 50

Neo-liberalism

Answer 50

Refers to a historical economic approach where there is less government regulation and involvement in the economy

Question 51

Hegemony

Answer 51

Refers to cultural and political leadership that influences what is seen as possible and in the common interest of the corporate elite

Question 52

What are the 3 types of class consciousness?

Answer 52

1. Class awareness/identity
2. Oppositional class consciousness
3. revolutionary/counter-hegemonic

Question 53

Class identity

Answer 53

An awareness of membership in a distinct class (most people identify as middle class)

Question 54

Class opposition

Answer 54

• The belief that the interests of workers and capitalists are opposed
• Research shows that there is only a small difference in attitudes towards business and labour

Question 55

Counter hegemonic consciousness

Answer 55

• A belief in the desirability and possibility of a non-capitalist society
• Most people rarely see an alternative to the capitalist economy