Ethnicity, Race, Language and Ancestry Flashcards
Colonialism
- involves a relationship which leaves one side dependent on the other to define the world
- European settlement in the America’s is painfully and tragically represented in standard indicators of social pathologies such as high rates of suicide, unemployment, and substance abuse
Income
Notable income inequalities exist, moreover, whether we consider individual income, household income, average income, median income, or other measures
Education and unemployment
Indigenous peoples have increasingly shown in recent times that they retain the same motivations and aspirations to succeed in the larger education system as do other Canadians
-there have been notable increments in educational participation and achievement for Indigenous over time
Health
The gap in life expectancy between Indigenous and other Canadians has been declining over time, but continues to be substantial
Restorative justice
One community based strategy that has been employed in which victims, offenders and community members come together to discuss a particular crime’s impact and to decide collectively on how the offender can make amends
Social cohesion
Ethnicity and diversity may adversely affect society’s cohesiveness in two ways:
- when diversity results in inequality, it may undermine the sense of fairness and inclusion among individuals and groups
- racial diversity may also weaken the commonality of values, commitments and social relations among individuals and groups, thereby affecting their capacity to co-operate in the pursuit of common objectives
- refers to the capacity of society to set and implement collective goals (all groups have a voice!)
Social integration
Refers to the extent to which individual members of a group form relationships with people outside the group
Multiculturalism
The centrepiece of Canada’s policy on inter-ethnic relations, focuses on broad ideals rather than specific goals and objectives
Gender inequality
Results when women’s perspectives, skills and work are undervalued
Maternal and Cultural Feminism
Tend to see men and women as inherently different, but argues that those differences should not be a source of gender inequality
Liberal/Equity Feminism
Holds that men and women are more similar than different and should have equal access to opportunities
Radical feminism
- See gender inequality as being tied to reproduction
- linking women’s oppression to men’s control of women’s bodies and reproduction
Marxist Feminism
Examines how class and gender inequalities are intertwined through women’s role in social reproduction
What are the 4 components of domestic labour?
- reproduction of labour power on a daily basis
- child-bearing and child-rearing (producing future labour power)
- housework to maintain the household
- the transformation of wages into goods and services for the household (money management, shopping etc.)
Dual systems theory
Gender inequality in the hierarchal division of labour in both the home and the capitalist economy
-gender inequality is the result of the intersection of historical trends in the patriarchy and capitalism
Patriarchy
A set of social relations which has a material base and in which there are hierarchal reactions between men and solidarity among them, which enables them to control women
“Doing gender”
- doing gender means creating differences that are not natural, essential or biological differences that are constructed, are used to reinforce the “essentialness” of gender
- gender is not a “natural” force, or something simply imposed on us, but that we actively construct gender through our actions and interactions
The gendering process
- the construction of divisions by gender (at work, behaviourally etc.)
- symbols and images surrounding these divisions (ideology, language culture, dress etc.)
- Interactions between men and women (in which male dominance is often reinforced)
- the identity and presentation of self
- organizational logics and practices within organizations
- a variety of masculinities exist, as boys and men occupy different social locations
Hegemonic masculinity
The idealized form of masculinity in a given historical setting
- Involves the maintenance of practices that institutionalize men’s dominance over women
- Is constructed in relation to women and to subordinate masculinities
Masculinity
- men must completely reject the feminine and not be like women
- a configuration of practice within a system of gender relations
- not a system itself but part of a larger system
- masculinities result in many forms of inequality, including violence against women and other men
- violence is a tool to assert or reaffirm men’s masculinity
Intersectionality
Used to capture the idea that multiple axes of inequality exist, including gender, race, class and can't be separated from each other -gender, race and other dimensions of inequality are seen as fundamentally embedded in, working through, and determining the organization of capitalism on social life
Gender differences
- greater disadvantages connected to immigrant status, visible minorities, Indigenous women and those with disabilities
- In higher-paying professions, women’s earnings are still lower than men’s
- horizontal and vertical forms of segregation also effect women’s wages
What are the 5 strategies to achieve greater equality in the labour market?
- policies to hire more women in higher-paying jobs, traditionally held by men (employment equity)
- programs to raise the monetary value of work traditionally performed by women (pay equity)
- attempts to organize a larger segment of the low-wage workforce (unionization)
- strategies to accommodate and redistribute domestic responsibilities in the household (sharing domestic labour)
- reversing the erosion of the public sector
Employment equity
Defined as the proportion of women employed relative to the proportion of women available in the trained workforce
Pay equity
has led to significant pay settlements for some groups of women in large public sector unions, but it has not resulted in a significant reduction of the gendered wage gap
- while unionization decreases the gendered wage gap for the same job, unions have not decreased workplace gender segregation
- division of domestic labour disadvantages women in the workplace, making it difficult to compete with male colleagues
The philosophy of neoliberalism
- prioritizes private sector growth
- limits government economic regulation
- cuts taxes for corporations and high-income earners
- diminishes public sector employment
- reduces access to social programs
*labour markets are largely segregated into “women’s jobs” and “men’s jobs”
Homophobia
Fear or hatred of homosexuals takes various forms, including social distance, stereotyping, bullying/harassment and hate crimes
-homophobia develops when people believe that homosexuality is both socially harmful and a choice
Essentialist views on sexuality
- Immutability- the belief that one cannot change a personal feature
- Fundamentality- the belief that a certain feature is central to personal character
Attribution-value theory
Maintains that people develop prejudices against groups seen as morally responsible for their stigmatized behaviour
- suggests 2 causes of behaviour:
- biological causes that people cannot control
- behavioural causes that they can control
Sexual stigma
The shared knowledge of society’s negative regard for any non-heterosexual behaviour, identity or community
Heterosexism
The cultural ideology that perpetuates sexual stigma
Sexual prejudice
People’s negative attitudes about sexual orientation
Regional inequality
Develops largely because of differences in the endowments of natural resources across areas and in the economies and policies created to support the development of these resources
Staples
Raw or semi-processed materials extracted or grown primarily for export markets
Modernization model
- certain traditional values and cultural practices in a country can restrict its development
- development can only occur through the growth of the urban, industrial sector of the economy
- the social relationships, culture, political institutions and social structures appropriate to modern industrial society would spread from the (modern) centre to the (traditional) periphery
Dependency theory
- underdevelopment is the result of exploitation by capitalist metropolitan centres
- underdevelopment occurs when resources are drained from peripheral areas to a centre that controls the terms of trade
- the relative success of regions increasingly depends on how they integrate into continental and global markets, rather than the national market
