Ethnicity, Race, Language and Ancestry

Question 1

Colonialism

Answer 1

• involves a relationship which leaves one side dependent on the other to define the world
• European settlement in the America’s is painfully and tragically represented in standard indicators of social pathologies such as high rates of suicide, unemployment, and substance abuse

Question 2

Income

Answer 2

Notable income inequalities exist, moreover, whether we consider individual income, household income, average income, median income, or other measures

Question 3

Education and unemployment

Answer 3

Indigenous peoples have increasingly shown in recent times that they retain the same motivations and aspirations to succeed in the larger education system as do other Canadians
-there have been notable increments in educational participation and achievement for Indigenous over time

Question 4

Health

Answer 4

The gap in life expectancy between Indigenous and other Canadians has been declining over time, but continues to be substantial

Question 5

Restorative justice

Answer 5

One community based strategy that has been employed in which victims, offenders and community members come together to discuss a particular crime’s impact and to decide collectively on how the offender can make amends

Question 6

Social cohesion

Answer 6

Ethnicity and diversity may adversely affect society’s cohesiveness in two ways:

1. when diversity results in inequality, it may undermine the sense of fairness and inclusion among individuals and groups
2. racial diversity may also weaken the commonality of values, commitments and social relations among individuals and groups, thereby affecting their capacity to co-operate in the pursuit of common objectives
   - refers to the capacity of society to set and implement collective goals (all groups have a voice!)

Question 7

Social integration

Answer 7

Refers to the extent to which individual members of a group form relationships with people outside the group

Question 8

Multiculturalism

Answer 8

The centrepiece of Canada’s policy on inter-ethnic relations, focuses on broad ideals rather than specific goals and objectives

Question 9

Gender inequality

Answer 9

Results when women’s perspectives, skills and work are undervalued

Question 10

Maternal and Cultural Feminism

Answer 10

Tend to see men and women as inherently different, but argues that those differences should not be a source of gender inequality

Question 11

Liberal/Equity Feminism

Answer 11

Holds that men and women are more similar than different and should have equal access to opportunities

Question 12

Radical feminism

Answer 12

• See gender inequality as being tied to reproduction

- linking women’s oppression to men’s control of women’s bodies and reproduction

Question 13

Marxist Feminism

Answer 13

Examines how class and gender inequalities are intertwined through women’s role in social reproduction

Question 14

What are the 4 components of domestic labour?

Answer 14

1. reproduction of labour power on a daily basis
2. child-bearing and child-rearing (producing future labour power)
3. housework to maintain the household
4. the transformation of wages into goods and services for the household (money management, shopping etc.)

Question 15

Dual systems theory

Answer 15

Gender inequality in the hierarchal division of labour in both the home and the capitalist economy
-gender inequality is the result of the intersection of historical trends in the patriarchy and capitalism

Question 16

Patriarchy

Answer 16

A set of social relations which has a material base and in which there are hierarchal reactions between men and solidarity among them, which enables them to control women

Question 17

“Doing gender”

Answer 17

• doing gender means creating differences that are not natural, essential or biological differences that are constructed, are used to reinforce the “essentialness” of gender
• gender is not a “natural” force, or something simply imposed on us, but that we actively construct gender through our actions and interactions

Question 18

The gendering process

Answer 18

• the construction of divisions by gender (at work, behaviourally etc.)
• symbols and images surrounding these divisions (ideology, language culture, dress etc.)
• Interactions between men and women (in which male dominance is often reinforced)
• the identity and presentation of self
• organizational logics and practices within organizations
• a variety of masculinities exist, as boys and men occupy different social locations

Question 19

Hegemonic masculinity

Answer 19

The idealized form of masculinity in a given historical setting

• Involves the maintenance of practices that institutionalize men’s dominance over women
• Is constructed in relation to women and to subordinate masculinities

Question 20

Masculinity

Answer 20

• men must completely reject the feminine and not be like women
• a configuration of practice within a system of gender relations
• not a system itself but part of a larger system
• masculinities result in many forms of inequality, including violence against women and other men
• violence is a tool to assert or reaffirm men’s masculinity

Question 21

Intersectionality

Answer 21

Used to capture the idea that multiple axes of inequality exist, including gender, race, class and can't be separated from each other 
-gender, race and other dimensions of inequality are seen as fundamentally embedded in, working through, and determining the organization of capitalism on social life

Question 22

Gender differences

Answer 22

• greater disadvantages connected to immigrant status, visible minorities, Indigenous women and those with disabilities
• In higher-paying professions, women’s earnings are still lower than men’s
• horizontal and vertical forms of segregation also effect women’s wages

Question 23

What are the 5 strategies to achieve greater equality in the labour market?

Answer 23

• policies to hire more women in higher-paying jobs, traditionally held by men (employment equity)
• programs to raise the monetary value of work traditionally performed by women (pay equity)
• attempts to organize a larger segment of the low-wage workforce (unionization)
• strategies to accommodate and redistribute domestic responsibilities in the household (sharing domestic labour)
• reversing the erosion of the public sector

Question 24

Employment equity

Answer 24

Defined as the proportion of women employed relative to the proportion of women available in the trained workforce

Question 25

Pay equity

Answer 25

has led to significant pay settlements for some groups of women in large public sector unions, but it has not resulted in a significant reduction of the gendered wage gap

• while unionization decreases the gendered wage gap for the same job, unions have not decreased workplace gender segregation
• division of domestic labour disadvantages women in the workplace, making it difficult to compete with male colleagues

Question 26

The philosophy of neoliberalism

Answer 26

• prioritizes private sector growth
• limits government economic regulation
• cuts taxes for corporations and high-income earners
• diminishes public sector employment
• reduces access to social programs

*labour markets are largely segregated into “women’s jobs” and “men’s jobs”

Question 27

Homophobia

Answer 27

Fear or hatred of homosexuals takes various forms, including social distance, stereotyping, bullying/harassment and hate crimes
-homophobia develops when people believe that homosexuality is both socially harmful and a choice

Question 28

Essentialist views on sexuality

Answer 28

1. Immutability- the belief that one cannot change a personal feature
2. Fundamentality- the belief that a certain feature is central to personal character

Question 29

Attribution-value theory

Answer 29

Maintains that people develop prejudices against groups seen as morally responsible for their stigmatized behaviour

• suggests 2 causes of behaviour:
• biological causes that people cannot control
• behavioural causes that they can control

Question 30

Sexual stigma

Answer 30

The shared knowledge of society’s negative regard for any non-heterosexual behaviour, identity or community

Question 31

Heterosexism

Answer 31

The cultural ideology that perpetuates sexual stigma

Question 32

Sexual prejudice

Answer 32

People’s negative attitudes about sexual orientation

Question 33

Regional inequality

Answer 33

Develops largely because of differences in the endowments of natural resources across areas and in the economies and policies created to support the development of these resources

Question 34

Staples

Answer 34

Raw or semi-processed materials extracted or grown primarily for export markets

Question 35

Modernization model

Answer 35

• certain traditional values and cultural practices in a country can restrict its development
• development can only occur through the growth of the urban, industrial sector of the economy
• the social relationships, culture, political institutions and social structures appropriate to modern industrial society would spread from the (modern) centre to the (traditional) periphery

Question 36

Dependency theory

Answer 36

• underdevelopment is the result of exploitation by capitalist metropolitan centres
• underdevelopment occurs when resources are drained from peripheral areas to a centre that controls the terms of trade
• the relative success of regions increasingly depends on how they integrate into continental and global markets, rather than the national market