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Anatomy > Lecture 5 Cartilage and bone > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Cartilage and bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of hyaline cartilage?

A

water, glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic acid,

chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate. Predominantly type II collagen.

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2
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Structural Support
  • Pressure and shear force resistance (shock absorber)
  • Slippery, important in function of articular cartilage.
  • Capable of rapid growth bones are too rigid during the birth and development process
  • flexible but reisistant
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3
Q

What is the distribution of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Larynx, trachea, bronchi (Respiratory System).
  • Costal cartilage.
  • Nose.
  • Articular Cartilage.
  • Epiphyseal plate.
  • Fetal Skeleton.
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4
Q

What is the composition of fibrocartilage?

A
  • Lacunae (with chondrocytes).
  • Extracellular matrix.
  • Thick Collagen Fibers.
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5
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage

A

provides both toughness and flexibility to the pubic symphysis and to the intervertebral discs.
Makes a good shock absorber.

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6
Q

What is the distribution of fibrocartilage

A
  • Intervertebral Discs.
  • Menisci of knee.
  • Pubic Symphysis.
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7
Q

What is the composition of elastic cartilage

A
  • Elastic Fibers.
  • Lacunae (with chondrocytes).
  • Extracellular matrix.
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8
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage

A
  • Provides flexibility.

- Supports the external fleshy part of the ear.

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9
Q

What is the distribution of elastic cartilage

A

-Epiglottis and auricle of the ear.

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10
Q

Describe the structure of cartilage, including chondroblasts, chondrocytes, lacunae, extracellular matrix and perichondrium.

A
  • Chondroblasts: Cells that produce cartilage matrix.
  • Lacunae: Isolated hollows
  • Chondrocytes: Mature cartilage cells that reside in lacunae.
  • Extracellular Matrix: Protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance.
  • Perichondrium: Dense irregular connective tissue.

** Avascular, simirigid, and flexible but resistant

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11
Q

Explain the major functions of cartilage.

A
  • Support soft tissues.
  • Articular surfaces for joints.
  • Provide a model for endochondral bone formation.
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12
Q

Explain the major functions of bone.

A
  • (Support and protect) Create framework of the body and protect vital organs from injury.
  • (Movement) Attachment sites for muscles.
  • (Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis) red bone marrow.
  • (Storage of minerals and energy reserves) Calcium phosphate and yellow bone marrow.
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13
Q

characteristics of long bone

A

Have an elongated, cylindrical shaft (diaphysis-length greater than width).
Examples: Humerous, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals

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14
Q

Characteristics of short bone

A

Have a length nearly equal to their width (external is compact, internal is spongey).
examples: carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bone (patella)

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15
Q

Characteristics of flat bone

A

-Flat, thin surfaces (provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment and protect underlying soft tissues
Examples: skull, scapulae, sternum, and ribs

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16
Q

characteristics of irregular bone

A

Have elaborate, complex shapes.

Examples of Irregular bones: Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxa, ethmoid, sphenoid

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17
Q

What is the function of compact bone>

A

Also called cortical bone, lined by the periosteum, contains osteons

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18
Q

What is the function of spongy bone

A

also called cancellous or trabecular bone, lined by endosteum often contains red bone marrow

19
Q

What is the function of proximal/distal epiphysis

A

strengthen the joint and provide added surface area for bone-to-bone articulation as well as tendon and ligament attachment.

20
Q

What is the function of diaphysis

A

Site of Primary Ossification center (cartilage to bone)

21
Q

What is the function of metaphysis (epiphyseal plate or line)

A

In a growing bone, this region contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate, thin layers of hyaline cartilage that provide for the continued lengthwise growth of the diaphysis.

22
Q

What is the function of epiphyseal line

A

the remnant of the epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of compact bone

23
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage

A

helps reduce friction and absorb shock in movable joints.

24
Q

What is the function of medullary cavity

A

contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in children

25
Q

What is the function of endosteum

A

■layer of cells lining the spongy bone and medullary cavity

■periosteum : dense irregular CT outer covering of bone - strong and sturdy

26
Q

What is the function of perforating fibers

A

connect periosteum to the bone

27
Q

What is the function of nutrient foramen

A

holes that allow blood vessels to puncture in, allow for nutrients

28
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow

A

found in the medullary cavity of adults. Made of adipose tissue (fat)

29
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow

A

contains stem cells that form all of the formed elements in the blood.
found in the medullary cavity for children. site for hemophoesis (blood cell production)

30
Q

What is the function and location of osteoprogenitor cells

A

◦Develop into osteoblasts

◦Located in both the periosteum and the endosteum.

31
Q

What is the function and location of osteoblasts

A

◦Secrete the initial semisolid, organic form of bone matrix called osteoid
◦Produce new bone
◦Differentiate into osteocytes.

32
Q

What is the function and location of osteocytes

A
  • Are mature bone cells
  • Reside in small spaces within the matrix called lacunae.
  • Osteocytes maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone.
33
Q

What is the function and location of osteoclasts

A
  • An osteoclast is often located within or adjacent to a depression or pit on the bone surface called a resorption lacuna
  • . Osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption (consume bone).
  • Osteoclasts remove matrix and osteoblasts add to it
34
Q

Describe the composition of bone matrix in relation to organic components

A

includes cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance.

35
Q

Describe the composition of bone matrix in relation to inorganic components

A

The inorganic components of the bone provide its compressional strength.
Calcium phosphate.
Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form crystals of hydroxyapatite leading to hardening of the matrix.

36
Q

Summarize the process of intramembranous and tell which bones are formed by the process

A

Intramembranous Ossification- Bone growth within a membrane
a.ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme
b.osteoid undergoes calcification
c.woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
d.lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form
Bones formed- flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, clavicle

37
Q

Summarize the process of endochondral ossification and tell which bones are formed by the process.

A

Endochondral Ossification- Bone growth within cartilage, turns fetal framework of hyaline cartilage into bone
1.fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
2.cartilage calcifies and periosteal bone collar forms around diaphysis
3.primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
4.secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses
5.bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
6.epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
Bones formed- most bones

38
Q

Briefly summarize how bones grow lengthwise during childhood. Explain how bones grow in thickness (width) during childhood.

A

Interstitial growth is growth in length. It occurs at epiphyseal plates
Appositional growth is growth in thickness and occurs at the periosteum and endosteum
a.osteoblasts are on the outside of the bone to build it up
b.osteoclasts are on the inside to hollow it out

39
Q

Briefly discuss the different types of bone fractures

A

Simple fracture- bone doesn’t pierce the skin
Open or compound fracture- bone pierces the skin
Stress fracture- thin break from repetitive loads
Pathologic fracture- disease weakens bones (could be any disease)

40
Q

How are bone fractures repaired?

A

Bone fractures are repaired in four steps

  1. Fracture hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilage callus forms (chondroblasts)
  3. hard bony callus forms (ossified by osteoblasts)
  4. bone remodeled (both osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
41
Q

Describe the bone disorder osteomalacia

A

-called rickets in children
o soft bones
o leads to bowed legs
-vitamin D deficiency
-calcium deficiency
-easily corrected with vitamin D supplements
-**vitamin D allows your body to use the calcium in your bones

42
Q

Describe the bone disorder Osteoporosis

A
  • excessive bone re-absorption
  • aged and post-menopause
  • osteoclast are more active than osteoblasts
43
Q

Describe the bone disorder Osteitis Deformans

A
  • Also called Paget’s disease
  • Excessive osteoclast and osteoblast function
  • Bone is unstable and immature (doesn’t have time to mature because both osteoblasts and osteoclasts are going crazy)
  • Most common in os coxa, skull, vertebrae, femur and tibia

Anatomy (9 decks)

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