lecture 5: ancillary services Flashcards
regulating power & energy: 3 types
primary, secondary and tertiary control reserve
primary control reserve
Frequency Containment Reserve FCR
FCR purpose, capacity, response time, frequency deviation corrected
stabilization of the frequency, +-3000 MW in continental ENTSO-E, delivered after at most 30s, until at most 15 min, activated for deviations of > +-200 mHz
frequency of the ENTSO-E grid, deviation max
50 Hz, 200 mHz
secondary control reserve
automatic Frequence Restoration Reserve aFRR
aFRR purpose, response time
release the FCR, 15 min if required
tertiary control reserve
manual Frequency Restoration Reserve
Cause of uncertainty in forecasting electricity supply
Wind (cut-out wind speed can be reached), solar
Power wind turbine = f(wind speed)
Speed^3
Other ancillary services
Reactive power (phase shift between U and I, cannot be transported over long distance: only local), losses, black start (islanded operation)
Relation between losses and reactive power
High voltage -> low losses high reactive power
FCR cooperation
Core share: FCR that must be physically delivered in each country.
Total FCR contribution = core share + net imports. Exports limits exist (physical constraints).
Market structure for control reserves
Auctions with merit order for all bids.
FRR: towards a unique market in entsoe
Reactive power and voltage control
Local, no real global market
Balance group
Aggregation of producers, consumers, traders that can exchange on the day ahead market to other balance group. Aggregation is virtual (no physical relevance).
