Lecture 5+6

Question 1

What are four findings from Bandura’s theory of observational learning?

Answer 1

1. Starts early - 1+
2. permits fast learning of complicated behaviours
3. found in other species
4. indicates importance of role models

Question 2

What is reciprocal determinism according to Bandura?

Answer 2

The person, environment and behaviour all influence one another

Question 3

What is ‘the person’ regulated by?

Answer 3

The self-regulatory system

Question 4

What are the three parts of the self-regulatory process?

Answer 4

1. self-observation
2. judgements
3. self-reaction

Question 5

What does a self-system comprise?

Answer 5

Cognitive structure & sub functions, for perceiving, evaluating and regulating behaviour

Question 6

What is a homunculus?

Answer 6

(‘little man’) that regulates behaviour

Question 7

What is human agency?

Answer 7

the capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one’s life

Question 8

What are the four features of human agency?

Answer 8

(1) Intentionality
(2) Self-reactiveness
(3) Self-reflectiveness
(4) Forethought

Question 9

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 9

An appraisal of one’s capabilities for performance

Question 10

What is high SE and its implications?

Answer 10

High self-efficacy - visualises success - promotes performance

Question 11

What is low SE and its implications?

Answer 11

Low self-efficacy - visualises failure - undermines success

Question 12

What are the implications for self-efficacy and emotions?

Answer 12

low SE=less prone to depression/anxiety - low coping > negative emotions
high SE = high coping > positive emotions

Question 13

Do self-efficacy beliefs have to be realistic for positive wellbeing?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

What is depressive realism?

Answer 14

Depressed people have more accurate perceptions of their abilities than non-depressed people

Question 15

What are the three positives of Bandura’s theory?

Answer 15

1. widely tested
2. clinical application
3. involves cognition and emotion

Question 16

What is a negative of Bandura’s theory?

Answer 16

does not account for biological factors

Question 17

What are the three forces in personality psychology?

Answer 17

1. psychoanalysis
2. behaviourism
3. humanistic

Question 18

What does humanistic psychology focus on?

Answer 18

Humanity and the ‘higher end’ of human experience - human potential, happiness, creativity

Question 19

Is humanism deterministic?

Answer 19

No, it advocates free-will

Question 20

What is phenomenological?

Answer 20

Studies subjective experience - humanistic psychology

Question 21

What is the self actualising tendency?

Answer 21

The trend of all organic and human life is the strive to expand, extend and mature - reach all capacities

Question 22

Who came up with the humanistic theory?

Answer 22

Carl Rogers

Question 23

According to Rogers, the core of the personality is…?

Answer 23

Positive - socialised, forward moving, rational and realistic

Question 24

What was the reason for human problems according to Rogers?

Answer 24

Negative socialisation

Question 25

Psychotherapy requires?

Answer 25

The therapist to have unconditional positive regard for the client - attempts to see the world as the client sees it

Question 26

What do both Maslow and Rogers emphasise the importance of for individual growth?

Answer 26

Experience

Question 27

What are the three key concepts of Roger's theory on personality?

Answer 27

1. necessary to view personality from a phenomenological perspective 2. self-actualising tendency 3. experiences are congruent/incongruent with esteem and self-worth 3. total health of personality and the person

Question 28

What is conditional positive regard?

Answer 28

The person only accepts you when you meet their expectations - e.g. parents only accept child when they are 'good' and 'bad'

Question 29

What is unconditional positive regard?

Answer 29

The person regards the other person positively irrespective of their behaviour - person 'distinct' from their behaviour'

Question 30

According to Rogers, what are the five aspects needed for a fully functioning person?

Answer 30

1. Openness to experience 2. Existential living 3. Organismic trusting 4. Experiential freedom 5. Creativity

Question 31

What is existential living according to Rogers?

Answer 31

living in each moment, living in the present, not the past or future

Question 32

What is organismic trusting according to Rogers?

Answer 32

Trusting oneself, not others - doing what feels right

Question 33

What is experiential freedom according to Rogers?

Answer 33

freedom of choice in each moment - not pressured by 'shoulds'

Question 34

What are three criticisms of Roger's theory?

Answer 34

1. too naive, overly-optimistic 2. not empirically supported 3. promotes selfishness and egoism

Question 35

What type of personality did Maslow generally study?

Answer 35

The healthy personality - persons who have achieved self-actualisation - not psychopathological ones

Question 36

What is the psychopathology of the average?

Answer 36

"normal" in psychology is really the psychopathology of the average - widely spread we don't even notice it

Question 37

What is the structure of the hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Answer 37

Physiological needs > safety needs > love and belonging needs > esteem needs > self-actualisation

Question 38

Is the hierarchy of needs a step-ladder, why or why not?

Answer 38

No because one need does not have to be fully satisfied to achieve the next need - everything can be at a different percentage at a specific time

Question 39

According to Maslow, what is the reason for frustration and anti-social behaviour?

Answer 39

frustration of deficiency in needs

Question 40

What are five traits of self-actualisers?

Answer 40

1. efficient perception of reality 2. more accepting 3. spontaneous 4. problem-centred 5. enjoy peak-experiences