Lecture 5

Question 2

What are the stages of death?

Answer 2

Stages of death:

Pallor mortis

Algor mortis

Rigor mortis

Livor mortis

Decomposition

Skeletonization

Question 3

What is pallor mortis?

Answer 3

Pallor mortis: Pale, heart Is no longer pumping. Blood is no longer moving through tissues.

Question 4

What is algor mortis?

Answer 4

Algor mortis: Chilled, loss of heat in the body.

Question 5

What is rigor mortis?

Answer 5

Rigor mortis: Body becomes stiff

Question 6

What is livor mortis?

Answer 6

Livor mortis: Pooling of blood, on whatever the down side of that animal or body is

Blood, or blood-tinged fluid, will pool on the gravity-dependent side

Question 7

What’s the timeline for Decomposition/Skeletonization?

Answer 7

Less well defined time frame for the rest, depending on environmental conditions

Question 8

What is postmortem autolysis?

Answer 8

Postmortem autolysis is:

A type of cell death that’s similar to necrosis, but occurs upon death of the animal ONLY

Fluids move, gravity dependent vs being pumped by the heart

Question 9

Postmortem autolysis + bacteria = ?

Answer 9

Postmortem autolysis + bacteria = putrification

Question 10

Which cell type would undergo cell death faster: a neuron or a fibrocyte?

Answer 10

A neuron is more delicate, and therefore would undergo cell death and degeneration faster than a fibrocyte.

Question 11

What’s another term for livor mortis?

Answer 11

Hypostatic congestion is another term for livor mortis. Instead of the body/heart pumping fluids, fluid movement is dependent on gravity.

Question 12

How would proximity to the GI tract effect postmortem autolysis?

Answer 12

The closer in proximity you are to the gi tract, and therefore to the gut flora, the more readily accessible the bacteria are to make a mess of things.

Even through the body dies, the bacteria do just fine. There are no neutrophils, no maintenance of pH to stop the bacteria.

Question 13

What are the two types of temperature to be aware of, when considering factors in postmortem autolysis?

Answer 13

Internal temperature - can be variable at the time of death, if the animal had a fever, etc. An increased internal temperature would increase the speed at which PMA takes place.

Ambient temperature - Environmental temperatures. Hot day in summer? Great news for PMA, bad news for necropsy. Ambient temperatures will have some effect on the overall temperature of the carcass, depending on how large it is.

Question 14

On a cell death timeline, what are some scenarios you could see if you have a cell injury and then death follows shortly thereafter?

Answer 14

On a cell death timeline, if you have a cell injury and then death follows shortly thereafter…

1. You may have cell injury, resulting in the whole body dying. If death occurs rapidly, after that cell injury, you’ll see one thing, (She didn’t clarify one this one thing was; I assume a singular disease process that lead to death.)
2. If just that one cell dies, or is undergoing early necrosis, you may or may not see a gross lesion. But you probably will see a histologic lesion.
3. Let’s say you’ve had a cell injury, the animal dies, and the necropsy is done right away. The tissues are put into fixation right away… You should be able to see the subtle, or early histologic lesions.

Question 15

On a cell death timeline, what are some scenarios you could see if you have a cell injury and then death follows much later?

Answer 15

On a cell death timeline, if you have a cell injury and then death follows much later, you could see:

1. The cell injury occurs, but the body doesn’t die right away. This duration of time will result in a different appearance of that cellular change than if the animal died right away. It may not be dramatic, but it will be a different spectrum of change.
2. If there’s injury to the cell and the cell undergoes necrosis, but the animal dies later on, you probably will see a both a gross lesion and the histologic lesion.
3. On the other hand, the animal dies, and then the necropsy isn’t able to be done until 2+ days later, it maybe be very hard to see those lesions due to autolysis.

There’s always a timeline in place; The clock starts ticking as soon as that animal dies. Cooling will slow decay down, but won’t stop it.

Question 16

What are some general signs of necrosis?

Answer 16

Necrosis:

• Local color change at the area of cell death. Most forms of necrosis are pale, unless hemorrhage is involved.
• Necrosis is well demarcated, isolated areas. You could see a hyperemic zone, or fibrosis.
• Calcification may (or may not) be present
• You will potentally see inflammation, +/- bacteria.

Essentially, with necrosis, you’ll see signs that the body was reacting to the death of the cells. A zone of hyperemia, inflammation, calcification… These are all changes that take place in a body, when the body is alive to react. You won’t see these changes with autolysis.

Question 17

What are some general signs of autolysis?

Answer 17

Autolysis:

• More uniform color changes, typically diffuse. Could be pale or dark, and lividity will be present
• No vascular patterns to lesions, because the body was no longer responding
• No calcification
• No inflammation
• Because the body isn’t responding with inflammation/neutrophils, you’ll see Cadaver bacilli

Question 18

What are some ways you can reduce postmortem autolysis?

Answer 18

To reduce postmortem autolysis, you can:

1. Minimize the duration between death and necropsy
2. Cool the carcass quickly (but don’t freeze it!)
3. Fix the specimen, in buffered neutral formalin

Question 19

What are some specific examples of when you’d really want to minimize the time between death and necropsy?

Answer 19

Some specific examples of when you’d really want to minimize the time between death and necropsy:

1. Research cases.
2. Neuro, GI, Respiratory cases - You rapidly lose the ability to see the specific lesion in these tissues. They degenerate faster than others.
3. Legal/Insurance cases - Herd health, or has a potential impact on human health? Do the necropsy immediately.

Question 20

When cooling the body to reduce PMA, what are some influences on body temperature after death?

Answer 20

Some influences on body temperature after death:

• Fever/seizures - The animal’s internal body temp will be high, and will take longer to cool down.
• High percentage of body fat - Well insulated, therefore will take longer to cool down
• Wool or long hair - again, well insulated, longer to cool
• Large vs. Small body size - A Larger animal will take longer to cool vs smaller

Question 21

What is the ideal size, when fixing tissues in buffered neutral formalin?

Answer 21

The tissue needs to be no larger than 0.5 cm in thickness.

Buffered neutral formalin prevents us from getting acid hematin, a black granular material that we’ll see from time to time. (She mentioned this in passing, probably not important)

Question 22

What’s the perk of breadloafing?

Answer 22

Breadloafing a specimen allows you to fix a larger sample, which maintaining orientation of the specimen.