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Sex and Reproduction > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive Functions of the Male

A

produce sperm to provide ½ genetic material for offspring

deliver sperm to female for fertilization

biologically, for the species, a male may serve the purpose of producing as many offspring as possible (BUT HUMANS HAVE THE ABILITY TO MAKE CHOICES!)

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2
Q

Hormones of the Male

A 
GnRH
  LH and FSH
  Androgens
  Testosterone
  5α-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
  Estrogen
  Inhibin
  Oxytocin
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3
Q

Male Lifetime Testosterone and Sperm Production Cycle

A

GRAPH

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4
Q

Short term fluctuations in Testosterone in the Male

A

Daily cycles
Higher levels in the morning
Lower levels in the evening

Seasonal cycle
Higher in November
Lower in April

Monthly cycle unique to each individual

Mate giving birth lowers levels

Response to competition (varies)
Winning increases levels
Losing lowers levels

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5
Q

Testis(2)

A 
Sources of Hormones
Leydig cells 
 Testosterone
Sertoli cells
 Inhibin
 Estrogen
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6
Q

Action of testosterone

A

The action of Testosterone, in most cells, is via
DHT (5-dihydrotestosterone ).
Testosterone is converted to DHT using the enzyme 5-reductase.

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7
Q

Location of Androgen Receptors in Males

A 
Testes
 Prostate Gland
 Seminal Vesicles
 Epididymis
 Penis
 Vas Deferens
 Muscle
 Oil Glands
 Bone
 Spinal Cord
 Kidney
 Brain
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8
Q

Location of Estrogen Receptors in Males

A

Testes
Prostate Gland
Epididymis
Vas Deferens

 Muscle
 Fat Tissue
 Bone
 Kidney
 Cardiovascular System
 Brain

In some cells, testosterone is converted to estrogen.

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9
Q

Major Functions of Testosterone in Males(often via DHT)

A 
Maintenance of functional reproductive structures and secondary sexual characteristics
 Necessary for spermatogenesis
 Maintains muscle mass
 Regulate LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio
 Stimulate skeletal growth
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10
Q

Some Specific Effects of DHT

A

Stimulation and maintenance of body and facial hair

Head hair regression (alopecia, baldness)

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11
Q

Functions of Estrogen in Males

A

Sexual differentiation of specific brain regions
Cessation of skeletal growth following puberty
Maintenance of bone density in adulthood
May play a role in spermatogenesis

NOTE: an excess of estrogen can lead to gynocomastia

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12
Q

Aging Effects in Males

A 
Reduced testosterone may lead to:
  lowered mood levels
  loss of muscle mass
  reduced sperm production
Biological erectile dysfunction is NOT related to testosterone levels.  It is usually related to cardiovascular problems or, less often, nerve damage.
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13
Q

Adequate Nutrition

A

Adequate nutrition is required to maintain a female’s reproductive cycle throughout her reproductive life.

Feedback through leptin-kisspeptin pathway controls continuation of cycle beyond puberty.

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14
Q

Hormones of the Female

A 
GnRH
LH and FSH
Estradiol (also, estriol, estrone)
Progesterone
Oxytocin
Prolactin
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15
Q

Location of Estrogen Receptors in Females

A 
Ovaries
 Fallopian Tubes
 Uterus
 Vagina
 Breasts
 Muscle
 Fat Tissue
 Bone
 Kidney
 Cardiovascular System
 Brain
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16
Q

Functions of Estrogen in Female Reproductive Tissues

A

Ovaries: feedback
Fallopian Tubes: maintenance
Uterus: proliferation of endometrial tissue
Vagina: maintenance and lubrication
Breasts: duct development and support
Brain: feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary

17
Q

Progesterone Receptors and Actions

A

Hypothalamus and Pituitary: feedback
Ovary: feedback
Uterus: differentiation of endometrium to rich tissue needed to support pregnancy
Breast: maintain glands for milk secretion

18
Q

Follicular cells release estrogen:

A

Thecal and Granulosal cells participate in hormone production.

19
Q

Multiple Follicles

A

Multiple follicles develop so that many follicles are releasing estrogen.

20
Q

Relationship between Gonadotropin levels and Estrogen and Progesterone levels

A

GRAPH

21
Q

Relationships of Hormone Levels and Basal Temperature

A

GRAPH

22
Q

Phases of Monthly Cycle

A

Ovarian
Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal

Uterine
Menstrual (Menses)
Proliferative
Secretory

Relate what is happening in the Ovary with what is happening in the Uterus.

Relate both to the levels of hormones, both gonadotropins and ovarian steroids.

23
Q

GnRH FSH & Estrogen?

A

GnRH, FSH, and Estrogen are the Major Controllers of Menstruation and the Proliferative Phase

A surge of estrogen and LH triggers ovulation, and the formation of the corpus luteum.

24
Q

Most Fertile Days

A

approximately days 11 through 14
(can be fertile as early as day 7-8)
GRAPH

25
Q

Relative Probability of Conception – Days 10 through 14

A

GRAPH

26
Q

Corpus Luteum is the Major Controller of the Luteal Phase

A

GRAPH

27
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Following ovulation, the remaining thecal and granulosal cells become lutein cells.
Lutein cells now secrete high volumes of progesterone and estrogen.
This is the Corpus Luteum!!

28
Q

The cycle also has an effect on breast tissue.

A

GRAPH

29
Q

Pregnancy

A

If pregancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates after about two weeks. Progesterone secretion is greatly reduced.

30
Q

If Pregnancy occurs

A

If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by the hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) (from the embryo) which mimics the action of LH and stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone.
The corpus luteum maintains this function for 6 to 8 weeks of pregnancy. At this time, the placenta takes over progesterone production to maintain the uterine endometrium.
GRAPH

31
Q

Monthly Cylces

A

Monthly cycles continue from puberty to menopause, interrupted only by pregnancies.
Granulosa cell competence declines (reduced estrogen production) contributing to perimenopause.
Severe reduction in the number of available follicles promotes menopause.
GRAPH

32
Q

Menopause

A

Low levels of estrogen reduce negative feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary gland, causing static high levels of LH and FSH secretion.

33
Q

MenopauseMonthly Cycles Cease

A

Reduction in estrogen & progesterone levels

 reduce uterine, Fallopian tube and vaginal wall thicknesses and secretions.
 reduce breast maintenance.
 reduce bone density.
 change memory functions.
 affect cardiovascular system.
 reduce renal function.

Sex and Reproduction (7 decks)

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