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Sex and Reproduction > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sex Determination

A

The factors that determine what the sex of an individual will be as a result of a fertilization event.

Humans have chromosomal sex determination.

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2
Q

CHROMOSOMES are discrete units

of DNA

A

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA carries the genetic code, the blueprint for protein production in cells.
DNA and, hence, the genetic code consists of pairs of individual subunits called bases.

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3
Q

Chromosomes continued…

A

Genes are specific sequences of bases that code for particular proteins.

Bases (chemical):
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
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4
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have two pairs of 23 chromosome types for a total of 46 chromosomes.

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5
Q

Parental Contributions

A

Two gametes, one from each parent, must unite (fertilization) to form a new individual.

Each gamete (sperm & ovum) carries a copy of each chromosome type, i.e. 23 chromosomes.

When the two gametes combine, the new individual has two sets of 23 chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes.

One set is MATERNAL (from Mom) and one set is PATERNAL (from Pop).

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6
Q

Each Chromosomes

A

Each pair of each chromosome, type 1 through 22, the autosomes, carry versions of the same genes. We’ll follow up on this in Lecture 12.

BUT, the remaining set of chromosomes are different than each other – do not carry the same genes. These are the sex chromosomes,

X and Y.

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7
Q

Y-chromosome

A

approximately 80 genes

primarily related to male determining factors

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8
Q

X-chromosome

A

approximately 2000 genes

diverse functions, most NOT related to sex determination

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9
Q

xx

A

female

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10
Q

xy

A

male

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11
Q

Primary (Gonadal) Sex Determination is Chromosomal

A

Y chromosome carries SRY gene = ♂ = testes

No Y chromosome = no SRY gene = ♀ = ovaries

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12
Q

SRY

A

SRY gene is the

testis determining factor (TDF)

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13
Q

If no SRY?

A

So, if no SRY is present, an OVARY forms.If SRY is present, a TESTIS forms.

Note: sometimes SRY ends up on the X-chromosome…

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14
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical substance produced by one cell and released, so that it acts on or regulates another cell. Hormones may also be called chemical messengers.

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15
Q

Proteins

A

macromolecules that have lots of varied functions in cells:

 structural elements
 signaling molecules
 antibodies
 receptors
 transporters
 movement elements
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16
Q

Enzymes

A

 CATALYZE CHEMICAL REACTIONS FOR MAKING ALL OTHER MOLECULES OF CELLS

17
Q

Classification of Hormones by Chemical Structure

A

Protein Hormones – soluble in water

Steroid Hormones – soluble in lipids (fats)

18
Q

Hormones Are Released From Glands:

Exocrine Gland & Endrocrine gland

A

Exocrine Glands: release substances (not always hormones) through a duct, directly to the target

Endocrine Glands: release hormones into the fluid-filled space around cells; fluids (especially blood) then transport them until reaching their target(s)

19
Q

Endocrine Hormone Delivery Classifications(5)

A

Paracrine  targets nearby cell
Autocrine  target is the same cell
Neurocrine/neuroendocrine  released by a nerve cell
Endocrine  carried a distance by fluid transport of the bloodstream
Pheromone  released by cells of one individual to act on cells of another individual

20
Q

Hormone Receptors

A

For any hormone to act on any cell, that cell must have a receptor for that hormone.

 Hormone receptors are specific to the hormone which they bind

No receptor? NO RESPONSE

21
Q

Classification of Hormones by Chemical Structure

A

Protein Hormones – soluble in water

Steroid Hormones – soluble in lipids (fats)

The chemical structures of these two groups determine their mechanism of action at the cell.

22
Q

Peptide Hormone Action at Cell

A

AMPLIFICATION!!

23
Q

Steroid Hormone Action at Cell

A

Steroids can induce repeated synthesis of the same protein!

24
Q

Endocrine Glands of Sex and Reproduction(5)

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, ovaries or testes

25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus is the control center of autonomic regulatory activities.

It relays information from lots of different parts of the brain to the body.

Many of its messages are relayed through the pituitary gland.

26
Q

Releasing Hormones:

A

Hormones released by the hypothalamus that travel to the pituitary gland, where they induce the production and release of other hormones, which, in turn, act on target organs.

27
Q

Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones

A 
GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hormone
PRH = prolactin-releasing hormone
CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone
28
Q

Pituitary Hormones(2)

A 
Anterior Pituitary
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRO)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin

Sex and Reproduction (7 decks)

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