Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Suprasegmental properties

A

properties that span over multiple speech sounds

ex: stressed syllables, intonation (prosody), tone (differences in pitch that connote differences in meaning), lexical tone (Mandarin: where pitch changes the meaning)

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2
Q

Phonotactics

A

is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes.

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3
Q

phoneme

A

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

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4
Q

reflexive vocalizations

A

cooing

2-4 mos

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5
Q

canonical babbling

deaf babies?

A

6 mos +

reduplicated or variegated babbling

not done by deaf babies - - influenced by hearing

hearing babies: range of consonants increases

deaf babies exposed to sign language – hand babble

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6
Q

reduplicated babbling

A

duplicating the same syllable

wagging the jaw or tongue: babababa

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7
Q

variegated babbling

A

multiple syllables

(bapitugolati)

kids mixing up the sounds they’re producing

becomes more frequent by 12 months

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8
Q

jargon stage

A

10 months+

meaningless but conversational - EYE CONTACT, gesture, adult prosody

AKA “modulated babble”

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9
Q

classifying sounds: particular features

A

is it a consonent (stopping the airstream or slowing it down) or a vowel

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10
Q

Children’s Speech errors are..

A

… fairly systematic if you think in terms of descriptive features

(IPA - international phonetic alphabet, not spelling)

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11
Q

Producing sound

A

vocal tract diagram

produce R’s and L’s as W’s

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12
Q

Vocal tract diagram is sort of like a thumb over water hose

A

thumb = mouth

water stream = air stream

source of flow (water spigot, vocal folds)

stopper at the top (thumb, lips/tongue)

except the stopper has a lot of “settings”

  • resonating
  • stopping completely
  • leaking
  • pinching
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13
Q

fricative sound

A

where you’re pinching most of the airstream off but there’s still a very concentrated stream of air coming out

pinching: letting a turbulent airstream out
ex: sssssss,zzzz

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14
Q

Vowels and producing sound

A

allow all the sound to come out - unobstructed airstream

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15
Q

stopping sound completely is called?

A

stop consonant

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16
Q

kids mostly produce stop consonants

A

much easier to closed-open-closed-open movement

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17
Q

Obstruent Consonants

A

stops, fricatives, affricates

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18
Q

affricate

A

half way in between stop consonant and fricative

where you stop the airstream and let it out like a fricative

ex: tschh, tsunami

19
Q

Non-Obstruent Consonants

A

things that don’t obstruct the airstream as much

nasals, liquids, glides

20
Q

Nasal Consonants

A

no air is coming out of the mouth, it’s coming out of the nose

21
Q

liquids

A

ex: arrr, oooh

fairly freely let air through, but there’s a bit of obstruction

22
Q

glides

A

ex: yah, wah,

squeeze the airstream a little bit

semi-vowels

23
Q

*stop thinking in terms of spelling

A

rough and though are very dissimilar words sound-wise

24
Q

*start thinking in sound

A

Kit to cat is one phoneme

shhh is a single sound

25
Vowel Variables
- Height: the position of your tongue in your mouth (ee) - Front/Back: tip of the tongue is lower (aa) - Lip rounding: Lips round (uu)
26
Vowels: creaky voice
glottis Brittany Spears low in vocal range vocal folds do non-modal vibrations
27
Vowels: breathy voice
a little bit less harmonic content glottis breath superimposed over the voice
28
Consonant Variables
Voicing: place of articulation
29
Consonant Voicing
are your vocal folds vibrating or not? roughly half = voiced consonants (zzzzz)
30
place of articulation
what's the position of the tongue in the mouth, what are your lips doing? where is the constriction, where is the air stream getting cut off?
31
Place of articulation Lips
labial pat, bat, mat closing off airstream with lips pa = voiceless bilabial stop (using both stops)
32
Alveoloar
making sounds by sticking tongue against alveolar ridge right behind the teeth tap, damp, sap, zap, nap, lap
33
lips + teeth = ?
labiodental fat, vat
34
soft palate
gah, kah feel tongue sticking against the soft palette = velars = soft palette is the velum sack, sag, sang
35
manner of articulation
the amount of constriction: stoppage of the air stream how constricted is it? - stops - affricates - Fricatives - nasals - liquids - glides
36
stop
fully cut off
37
glide
barely cut off at all
38
affricates
second most cut off
39
lips + teeth
labiodental (fat, vat)
40
hard palate
palatal lash, latch, leizhure, ledge
41
Sound contrasts
which sounds (phones) are contrastive in your native language - - phonemes
42
phones in english
a, ã, æ
43
phonemes in english
any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat. a, æ
44
phonotactic constraints
not all sounds can go together