Lecture 5

Question 1

Suprasegmental properties

Answer 1

properties that span over multiple speech sounds

ex: stressed syllables, intonation (prosody), tone (differences in pitch that connote differences in meaning), lexical tone (Mandarin: where pitch changes the meaning)

Question 2

Phonotactics

Answer 2

is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes.

Question 3

phoneme

Answer 3

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

Question 4

reflexive vocalizations

Answer 4

cooing

2-4 mos

Question 5

canonical babbling

deaf babies?

Answer 5

6 mos +

reduplicated or variegated babbling

not done by deaf babies - - influenced by hearing

hearing babies: range of consonants increases

deaf babies exposed to sign language – hand babble

Question 6

reduplicated babbling

Answer 6

duplicating the same syllable

wagging the jaw or tongue: babababa

Question 7

variegated babbling

Answer 7

multiple syllables

(bapitugolati)

kids mixing up the sounds they’re producing

becomes more frequent by 12 months

Question 8

jargon stage

Answer 8

10 months+

meaningless but conversational - EYE CONTACT, gesture, adult prosody

AKA “modulated babble”

Question 9

classifying sounds: particular features

Answer 9

is it a consonent (stopping the airstream or slowing it down) or a vowel

Question 10

Children’s Speech errors are..

Answer 10

… fairly systematic if you think in terms of descriptive features

(IPA - international phonetic alphabet, not spelling)

Question 11

Producing sound

Answer 11

vocal tract diagram

produce R’s and L’s as W’s

Question 12

Vocal tract diagram is sort of like a thumb over water hose

Answer 12

thumb = mouth

water stream = air stream

source of flow (water spigot, vocal folds)

stopper at the top (thumb, lips/tongue)

except the stopper has a lot of “settings”

• resonating
• stopping completely
• leaking
• pinching

Question 13

fricative sound

Answer 13

where you’re pinching most of the airstream off but there’s still a very concentrated stream of air coming out

pinching: letting a turbulent airstream out
ex: sssssss,zzzz

Question 14

Vowels and producing sound

Answer 14

allow all the sound to come out - unobstructed airstream

Question 15

stopping sound completely is called?

Answer 15

stop consonant

Question 16

kids mostly produce stop consonants

Answer 16

much easier to closed-open-closed-open movement

Question 17

Obstruent Consonants

Answer 17

stops, fricatives, affricates

Question 18

affricate

Answer 18

half way in between stop consonant and fricative

where you stop the airstream and let it out like a fricative

ex: tschh, tsunami

Question 19

Non-Obstruent Consonants

Answer 19

things that don’t obstruct the airstream as much

nasals, liquids, glides

Question 20

Nasal Consonants

Answer 20

no air is coming out of the mouth, it’s coming out of the nose

Question 21

liquids

Answer 21

ex: arrr, oooh

fairly freely let air through, but there’s a bit of obstruction

Question 22

glides

Answer 22

ex: yah, wah,

squeeze the airstream a little bit

semi-vowels

Question 23

*stop thinking in terms of spelling

Answer 23

rough and though are very dissimilar words sound-wise

Question 24

*start thinking in sound

Answer 24

Kit to cat is one phoneme

shhh is a single sound

Question 25

Vowel Variables

Answer 25

• Height: the position of your tongue in your mouth (ee)
• Front/Back: tip of the tongue is lower (aa)
• Lip rounding: Lips round (uu)

Question 26

Vowels: creaky voice

Answer 26

glottis

Brittany Spears

low in vocal range

vocal folds do non-modal vibrations

Question 27

Vowels: breathy voice

Answer 27

a little bit less harmonic content

glottis

breath superimposed over the voice

Question 28

Consonant Variables

Answer 28

Voicing:

place of articulation

Question 29

Consonant Voicing

Answer 29

are your vocal folds vibrating or not?

roughly half = voiced consonants (zzzzz)

Question 30

place of articulation

Answer 30

what’s the position of the tongue in the mouth, what are your lips doing?

where is the constriction, where is the air stream getting cut off?

Question 31

Place of articulation

Lips

Answer 31

labial

pat, bat, mat

closing off airstream with lips

pa = voiceless bilabial stop (using both stops)

Question 32

Alveoloar

Answer 32

making sounds by sticking tongue against alveolar ridge right behind the teeth

tap, damp, sap, zap, nap, lap

Question 33

lips + teeth = ?

Answer 33

labiodental

fat, vat

Question 34

soft palate

Answer 34

gah, kah

feel tongue sticking against the soft palette = velars = soft palette is the velum

sack, sag, sang

Question 35

manner of articulation

Answer 35

the amount of constriction: stoppage of the air stream

how constricted is it?

• stops
• affricates
• Fricatives
• nasals
• liquids
• glides

Question 36

stop

Answer 36

fully cut off

Question 37

glide

Answer 37

barely cut off at all

Question 38

affricates

Answer 38

second most cut off

Question 39

lips + teeth

Answer 39

labiodental (fat, vat)

Question 40

hard palate

Answer 40

palatal

lash, latch, leizhure, ledge

Question 41

Sound contrasts

Answer 41

which sounds (phones) are contrastive in your native language - - phonemes

Question 42

phones in english

Answer 42

a, ã, æ

Question 43

phonemes in english

Answer 43

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

a, æ

Question 44

phonotactic constraints

Answer 44

not all sounds can go together