Lecture 5 Flashcards
Suprasegmental properties
properties that span over multiple speech sounds
ex: stressed syllables, intonation (prosody), tone (differences in pitch that connote differences in meaning), lexical tone (Mandarin: where pitch changes the meaning)
Phonotactics
is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes.
phoneme
any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.
reflexive vocalizations
cooing
2-4 mos
canonical babbling
deaf babies?
6 mos +
reduplicated or variegated babbling
not done by deaf babies - - influenced by hearing
hearing babies: range of consonants increases
deaf babies exposed to sign language – hand babble
reduplicated babbling
duplicating the same syllable
wagging the jaw or tongue: babababa
variegated babbling
multiple syllables
(bapitugolati)
kids mixing up the sounds they’re producing
becomes more frequent by 12 months
jargon stage
10 months+
meaningless but conversational - EYE CONTACT, gesture, adult prosody
AKA “modulated babble”
classifying sounds: particular features
is it a consonent (stopping the airstream or slowing it down) or a vowel
Children’s Speech errors are..
… fairly systematic if you think in terms of descriptive features
(IPA - international phonetic alphabet, not spelling)
Producing sound
vocal tract diagram
produce R’s and L’s as W’s
Vocal tract diagram is sort of like a thumb over water hose
thumb = mouth
water stream = air stream
source of flow (water spigot, vocal folds)
stopper at the top (thumb, lips/tongue)
except the stopper has a lot of “settings”
- resonating
- stopping completely
- leaking
- pinching
fricative sound
where you’re pinching most of the airstream off but there’s still a very concentrated stream of air coming out
pinching: letting a turbulent airstream out
ex: sssssss,zzzz
Vowels and producing sound
allow all the sound to come out - unobstructed airstream
stopping sound completely is called?
stop consonant
kids mostly produce stop consonants
much easier to closed-open-closed-open movement
Obstruent Consonants
stops, fricatives, affricates
affricate
half way in between stop consonant and fricative
where you stop the airstream and let it out like a fricative
ex: tschh, tsunami
Non-Obstruent Consonants
things that don’t obstruct the airstream as much
nasals, liquids, glides
Nasal Consonants
no air is coming out of the mouth, it’s coming out of the nose
liquids
ex: arrr, oooh
fairly freely let air through, but there’s a bit of obstruction
glides
ex: yah, wah,
squeeze the airstream a little bit
semi-vowels
*stop thinking in terms of spelling
rough and though are very dissimilar words sound-wise
*start thinking in sound
Kit to cat is one phoneme
shhh is a single sound
Vowel Variables
- Height: the position of your tongue in your mouth (ee)
- Front/Back: tip of the tongue is lower (aa)
- Lip rounding: Lips round (uu)
Vowels: creaky voice
glottis
Brittany Spears
low in vocal range
vocal folds do non-modal vibrations
Vowels: breathy voice
a little bit less harmonic content
glottis
breath superimposed over the voice
Consonant Variables
Voicing:
place of articulation
Consonant Voicing
are your vocal folds vibrating or not?
roughly half = voiced consonants (zzzzz)
place of articulation
what’s the position of the tongue in the mouth, what are your lips doing?
where is the constriction, where is the air stream getting cut off?
Place of articulation
Lips
labial
pat, bat, mat
closing off airstream with lips
pa = voiceless bilabial stop (using both stops)
Alveoloar
making sounds by sticking tongue against alveolar ridge right behind the teeth
tap, damp, sap, zap, nap, lap
lips + teeth = ?
labiodental
fat, vat
soft palate
gah, kah
feel tongue sticking against the soft palette = velars = soft palette is the velum
sack, sag, sang
manner of articulation
the amount of constriction: stoppage of the air stream
how constricted is it?
- stops
- affricates
- Fricatives
- nasals
- liquids
- glides
stop
fully cut off
glide
barely cut off at all
affricates
second most cut off
lips + teeth
labiodental (fat, vat)
hard palate
palatal
lash, latch, leizhure, ledge
Sound contrasts
which sounds (phones) are contrastive in your native language - - phonemes
phones in english
a, ã, æ
phonemes in english
any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.
a, æ
phonotactic constraints
not all sounds can go together
