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Nutritional Biochemistry > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

Learn necessary concepts for Quiz 2

1
Q

What are the two main regulating mechanisms of metabolic pathways?

A

Hormones (insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, corticosteroids), and allosteric enzyme suppression or activation.

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2
Q

What are the compounds that affect the activity of allosteric enzymes?

A

Modulators

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3
Q

What are the two types of compounds that affect the activity of allosteric enzymes?

A

Positive modulators (increases activity of enzyme and speeds up rate of reaction) and negative modulators (reduces activity of enzyme and slows down the rate of reaction)

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4
Q

What are the metabolic pathways that are involved in CHO metabolism?

A

 Glycogenesis (creation of glycogen)
 Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen)
 Glycolysis (oxidation of glucose)
 Krebs cycle (oxidation of pyruvate and Acetyl CoA
 Gluconeogenesis (making of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors)

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5
Q

What are the catabolic pathways?

A

glycolysis, glycogenolysis, proteolysis, lipolysis

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6
Q

What are the anabolic pathways?

A

gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, protein synthesis, lipogenesis

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7
Q

1Where is the major site of glycogen synthesis and storage?

A

liver

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8
Q

What is the other major site of glycogen storage

A

skeletal muscle

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9
Q

When glucose enters a cell, what is the first product it becomes phosphorylated into?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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10
Q

What enzyme undertakes this function in the liver?

A

glucokinase

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11
Q

During the synthesis of glycogen, why is it’s branching structure important?

A

increases the solubility and compactness of glycogen

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12
Q

Which important enzyme in glycogen synthesis is the primary target for insulin

A

glycogen synthase

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13
Q

Which amino acid regulates the important enzyme in glycogen synthase’s activity?

A

serine

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14
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

break down of glycogen to glucose

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15
Q

what hormones stimulate glycogenolysis?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

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16
Q

Where in the body is glucagon produced?

A

pancreas

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17
Q

where is ephinephrine produced?

A

adrenal medulla

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18
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts glycogen to the first breakdown substance in gycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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19
Q

what is the first substance that glycogen gets broken down into during glycogenolysis?

A

glucose-1-phosphate

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20
Q

In the last step of glycogenolysis, which enzyme acts on glucose 6 phosphate to produce glucose

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

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21
Q

Where is the only place that the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme functions?

A

the liver.

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22
Q

What enzyme converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the muscles?

A

Hexokinase

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23
Q

What two forms can glycogen phosphorylase exist in in glycogenolysis?

A 
phosphorylase a (active form) or
phosphorylase b (inactive form)
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24
Q

How is the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme regulated?

A

covalently by adrenaline and glucagon, or allosteric regulation by AMP (increased AMP keeps enzyme inactive)

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25
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

the oxidation of glucose to either lactate or pyruvate

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26
Q

What is the dominant product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions and what is the next metabolic process it enters into?

A

pyruvate, which then enters the krebs cycle

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27
Q

what is the dominant product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions and what is the next metabolic process it enters into?

A

lactate, cori cycle

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28
Q

How much energy is used and produced during glycolysis?

A

2 ATP used, 4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate produced. Net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate.

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29
Q

What are the 4 stages of glycolysis that Lilli said we need to know?

A

glucose to glucose-6-phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate

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30
Q

How many moles of energy are produced from glycolysis?

A

6 or 8 depending on whether it occurs in skeletal muscle (6) or liver (8)

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31
Q

Why does glycolysis in skeletal muscle produce less moles of energy than in the liver

A

because in skeletal muscle tissue, 2 ATP are used to transfer NADH from cytosol to mitochondria

32
Q

How many moles of ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

30

33
Q

How much ATP is produced in total from glycolysis and the krebs cycle for one mole of glucose to O2 and H2O?

A

30+6 or 8 = 36 or 38.

34
Q

Through which two pathways can pyruvate be produced?

A

Through glycolysis, or gluconeogenesis from amino acids.

35
Q

What amino acids can be used to produce pyruvate?

A

Monster Children Toot Amazing Tunes

Methionine, cysteine, tryptophan, alanine, threonine

36
Q

In glycolysis, what two products can glucose be oxidised into?

A

lactate and pyruvate

37
Q

What does the choice of which product is made depend on?

A

the presence or absence of oxygen

38
Q

what is the name of the glycolysis cycle that occurs under aerobic conditions

A

aerobic glycolysis

39
Q

What is the name of the process by which NADH is generated and used to fuel ATP synthesis?

A

oxidative phosphorylation (aka kreb’s cycle)

40
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondria

41
Q

What are the coenzymes in glycolysis formed from?

A

NAD - niacin (B3)

FAD - riboflavin (B2)

42
Q

What amino acids can acetyl CoA be made from?

A

ILLT

isoleucine, leucine, lysine, tryptophan

43
Q

What are the 8 stages of the krebs cycle?

A

(Can I keep selling sex for money officer?) Citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate

44
Q

what are the enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle?

A

(CAIK Sounds So Freaking Mint)
Citrate synthase, Aconitase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, Succinyl CoA synthetase, Succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase.

45
Q

What are the amino acids that form alpha-ketoglutarate?

A

(HOP HAG) hydroxyproline, ornithine, proline, histadine, argnine, glutamate

46
Q

If the body has sufficient ATP, where might the TCA cycle become blocked?

A

isocitrate

47
Q

What amino acids is Succinyl CoA produced from?

A

VIM: valine, isoleucine, methionine

48
Q

What amino acids is fumarate made from?

A

PT: (fumarate) phenylalanine

tyrosine (precursors of dopamine)

49
Q

What amino acids is oxaloacetate made from?

A

asparagine, aspartate

50
Q

What are the cofactors for the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA?

A

TPP (B1), FAD (B2), NAD (B3), CoA (B5), lipoic acid, Mg2+

51
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

52
Q

What are the nutritional cofactors necessary for the conversion of lipids to acetyl-CoA?

A

B1, B2, B3, B5

53
Q

What are the nutritional cofactors necesary for the conversion of CHO to Acetyl CoA?

A

B1, B2, B3, B5

54
Q

What are the nutritional cofactors necesary for the conversion of proteins to acetyl-Coa?

A

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6

55
Q

What cofactor is necessary for conversion of citrate to isocitrate?

A

Fe

56
Q

What cofactors are needed for conversion of isocitrate to alphaketoglutarate?

A

B3, Mn, Mg

57
Q

What cofactors are necessary for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA?

A

B1, B2, B3, B5, lipoic acid

58
Q

What cofactor is needed for succinyl-CoA to succinate?

A

Mg

59
Q

What cofactors are needed for conversion of succinate to fumarate?

A

Fe, B2

60
Q

What cofactors are needed for conversion of malate to oxaloacetate?

A

B3

61
Q

Which two nutrients carry the hydrogen atoms of rthe electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2

62
Q

What are the other 3 nutrients needed in this process?

A

Sulphur, iron, copper

63
Q

What are the end products of the ETC?

A

ATP, water, heat, CO2,

64
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

pathway that converts lactate from the muscles into glucose in the liver.

65
Q

What hormone stimulates enzymes to work on glycogen in skeletal muscle cells?

A

epinephrine

66
Q

What substance carries lactic acid from muscle to liver?

A

glutamine

67
Q

What enzyme in skeletal muscle stimulates breakdown of glycogen?

A

adenyl cyclase

68
Q

What does adenyl cyclase stimulate formation of

A

cAMP from ATP

69
Q

What enzyme causes phosphorylations in skeletal muscle during glycogenolysis?

A

protein kinase

70
Q

What hormone initiates glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle?

A

epinephrine

71
Q

Wha tis gluconeogenesis?

A

synthesis of glucose from non-CHO sources

72
Q

which process initiates ketogenesis?

A

starvation

73
Q

where is gluconeogenesis carried out?

A

liver and kidneys

74
Q

from what products can glucose be synthesised from (other than CHO)

A

amino acids, pyruvate, lactate, lipids

75
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

ketone body synthesis from using fat for energy

Nutritional Biochemistry (4 decks)

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